docs(offline): document hotseat pass-and-play

ARCHITECTURE (offline section) + FUNCTIONAL (+_ru mirror): the local
pass-and-play mode — host/referee master PIN, per-seat optional PIN
locks (social lock, salted SHA-256, client-only), the board-visible seat
unlock, host overrides (skip/exclude/terminate), no hints/chat, and the
master-PIN-gated lobby deletion.

docs/ARCHITECTURE.md

@@ -1251,8 +1251,22 @@ toggle — distinct from the transient gateway-reachability signal — that tint
 an *Offline* chip and confines play to on-device `vs_ai` games. The **offline lobby lists only those
 device-local games** (reconstructed by replaying the IndexedDB move journal) and its New-vs-AI entry
 creates one through the in-browser engine — the same game screen then drives it, the robot replying
-locally; online-only affordances (the Stats tab, the friend/random options in New Game) are disabled
+locally; online-only affordances (the Stats tab, the random-opponent option) are disabled
-or hidden. A `vs_ai` hint (online and offline alike) is unlimited and wallet-free but idle-gated
+or hidden, and New Game's *with friends* becomes the entry to **local pass-and-play (hotseat)**.
+A hotseat game is a device-local **2-4 human** game built through the same engine (`hotseat` +
+per-seat/host PIN locks on the record; the seats carry names but no accounts). A **mandatory host
+(referee) PIN** gates the roster at creation and, in-game, the referee overrides — **skip** the
+current turn, **exclude** a player (a forced seat resign, `resignSeat`) or **terminate** the game
+(deleted, no winner/loser); each seat may also carry its own **optional PIN** that withholds its rack
+(the board stays visible — only the tray is gated) until it is entered, so players pass the device
+around freely and lock a seat only against a distrusted tablemate. The unlock is **per turn**
+(re-locks on advance). PINs are a **social lock, not cryptography** — a salted SHA-256 kept only in
+the device record (`lib/pin`); a 4-digit PIN is trivially brute-forceable and the racks live in
+client memory regardless, so they defeat a casual glance, not a determined peek. A hotseat game is
+**not `vs_ai`**: hints (the freed control becomes the host button) and chat/self-resign are gone, and
+its lobby card — active *and* finished — is master-PIN-gated to delete (so the last mover cannot
+instantly wipe it); a naturally finished game is saved with its result like any local game. A `vs_ai`
+hint (online and offline alike) is unlimited and wallet-free but idle-gated
 (unlocked ~30 min into a stuck turn), and counts toward no hint statistic. The **source** reports the
 **seconds left** (`hint_unlock_left_seconds` on the game view) — computed by the **backend from the
 server clock** online (which also enforces the gate, returning `hint_locked` for an early request),

docs/FUNCTIONAL.md

@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ statistics.
 An installed web PWA signed in with a confirmed email can switch to a deliberate **offline mode**
 (Settings → Play mode). Offline, the app never touches the network: the header turns blue with an
 *Offline* chip, the lobby lists only the games stored on the device, and online-only surfaces are
-disabled or hidden (the Stats tab; the *with friends* and *random opponent* options in New Game).
+disabled or hidden (the Stats tab; the *random opponent* option in New Game).
-Only **vs_ai** games are playable — New Game creates a device-local game against the robot, which
+A New Game against the robot creates a device-local **vs_ai** game — it
 plays entirely in the browser with no backend. Local games are kept on the device, visible only in
 offline mode, and never sync to the account. So a game can be created and played with no connection,
 the app quietly preloads the dictionaries for the player's enabled variants while still online, and
@@ -280,6 +280,20 @@ and waits briefly, and if they cannot be readied it stays online with a short *n
 (the download keeps running in the background, so a later switch is instant). The mode is
 device-scoped and sticky across launches.
 
+Offline, New Game's **with friends** starts a **local pass-and-play** game for 2-4 people sharing one
+device. You first set a **host (leader) password** — a 4-digit PIN entered on a lock-screen-style
+keypad; until it is set the player rows stay locked. The app then asks whether you are playing too —
+if so you take the first seat with your profile name. You name each player (2 to 4; add or remove
+rows, where a removal asks for the leader password) and may give any seat its **own optional PIN**.
+During the game the board is always visible, but a PIN-locked seat shows an **Unlock** button in place
+of its rack until its owner enters the PIN — so the device passes hand to hand and only a protected
+seat hides its letters; the lock returns each turn. The **leader** (the host button in the game) can,
+with the leader password, **skip** the current player's turn, **remove** a player, or **end the game
+early** — an early end discards the game with no winner or loser. Hints and chat are off in a
+pass-and-play game. A game that finishes normally is saved to the offline lobby like any other;
+deleting any pass-and-play game — running or finished — from the lobby asks for the leader password,
+so no one can wipe a game the moment they have moved.
+
 The app also **enters offline mode on its own** when it cannot reach the network. On a cold launch
 with no connection it switches to offline for that session; when the device is online but the gateway
 stays silent for a few seconds it asks first — *No connection. Switch to offline mode?*, with

docs/FUNCTIONAL_ru.md

@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ e-mail) либо ввод фразы. Активные игры форфейтя
 Установленный веб-PWA со входом по подтверждённой почте может переключиться в осознанный
 **офлайн-режим** (Настройки → Режим игры). В офлайне приложение не обращается к сети: шапка синеет с
 меткой *Офлайн*, лобби показывает только сохранённые на устройстве игры, а сетевые поверхности
-отключены или скрыты (вкладка Статистика; варианты «с другом» и «случайный соперник» в Новой игре).
+отключены или скрыты (вкладка Статистика; вариант «случайный соперник» в Новой игре).
-Играть можно только в **vs_ai** — Новая игра создаёт локальную игру против робота, который ходит
+Новая игра против робота создаёт локальную **vs_ai**-игру — он ходит
 целиком в браузере без бэкенда. Локальные игры хранятся на устройстве, видны только в офлайн-режиме и
 никогда не синхронизируются с аккаунтом. Чтобы игру можно было создать и сыграть без связи, приложение
 заранее, пока ещё онлайн, подгружает словари включённых игроком вариантов и (после установки)
@@ -285,6 +285,21 @@ e-mail) либо ввод фразы. Активные игры форфейтя
 продолжается в фоне, так что следующее переключение мгновенно). Режим привязан к устройству и
 сохраняется между запусками.
 
+В офлайне «с друзьями» в Новой игре запускает **локальную игру по очереди (hotseat)** на 2–4 человек
+за одним устройством. Сначала задаётся **пароль ведущего** — 4-значный PIN на клавиатуре в стиле
+экрана блокировки; пока он не задан, строки игроков заблокированы. Затем приложение спрашивает,
+играете ли вы сами — если да, вы занимаете первое место под именем из профиля. Вы называете каждого
+игрока (от 2 до 4; строки можно добавлять и удалять, удаление спрашивает пароль ведущего) и можете
+дать любому месту **свой необязательный PIN**. Во время игры доска видна всегда, но место с PIN
+вместо стойки показывает кнопку **«Разблокировать»**, пока владелец не введёт PIN, — так устройство
+передаётся из рук в руки, и только защищённое место прячет свои буквы; на каждом ходу замок
+возвращается. **Ведущий** (кнопка ведущего в игре) может по паролю ведущего **пропустить** ход
+текущего игрока, **исключить** игрока или **завершить игру досрочно** — досрочное завершение стирает
+партию без победителей и проигравших. Подсказки и чат в игре по очереди отключены. Нормально
+завершённая партия сохраняется в офлайн-лобби как любая другая; удаление любой игры по очереди —
+идущей или завершённой — из лобби спрашивает пароль ведущего, чтобы никто не стёр партию сразу после
+своего хода.
+
 Приложение также **само включает офлайн-режим**, когда не может достучаться до сети. При холодном
 запуске без связи оно переходит в офлайн на текущую сессию; когда устройство онлайн, но шлюз молчит
 несколько секунд, оно сперва спрашивает — *Нет связи. Включить офлайн-режим?*, с выбором **Включить**

ui/e2e/hotseat.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import { test, expect, type Page } from './fixtures';
+
+// Offline pass-and-play (hotseat) is offered only in offline mode, which is gated to an installed
+// standalone PWA with a confirmed email. The mock account has an email; force standalone so the
+// Settings offline toggle shows.
+async function forceStandalone(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  await page.addInitScript(() => {
+    const orig = window.matchMedia.bind(window);
+    window.matchMedia = (q: string) =>
+      (q.includes('display-mode: standalone')
+        ? { matches: true, media: q, onchange: null, addEventListener() {}, removeEventListener() {}, addListener() {}, removeListener() {}, dispatchEvent: () => false }
+        : orig(q)) as MediaQueryList;
+  });
+}
+
+async function enterLobby(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: /guest|гост/i }).first().click();
+  await expect(page.locator('button.tab').nth(2)).toBeVisible();
+}
+
+async function goOffline(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  await page.locator('button.tab').nth(2).click(); // Settings
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: /^(Offline|Оффлайн)$/ }).click();
+  await expect(page.locator('header.nav.offline')).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15000 });
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: /Back|Назад/i }).click();
+  await expect(page.locator('button.tab').nth(2)).toBeVisible();
+}
+
+// typePin clicks the on-screen keypad digits (the pad has no OK button — the 4th digit is the action).
+async function typePin(page: Page, digits: string): Promise<void> {
+  for (const d of digits) await page.locator('.pad .key', { hasText: d }).click();
+}
+
+test.describe('offline hotseat (pass-and-play)', () => {
+  test('create with a locked seat, unlock, host-skip, terminate from the lobby', async ({ page }) => {
+    await forceStandalone(page);
+    await page.goto('/');
+    await enterLobby(page);
+    await goOffline(page);
+
+    // A known bag seed so the locked seat deals a full rack deterministically.
+    await page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { __mock: { setLocalSeed(s: string): void } }).__mock.setLocalSeed('1'));
+
+    // New game -> the offline mode selector now offers "with friends" (hotseat).
+    await page.locator('button.tab').nth(0).click();
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: /With friends|друзьями/i }).click();
+
+    // The player rows are disabled until the mandatory host (master) PIN is set.
+    await expect(page.locator('.pname').first()).toBeDisabled();
+
+    // Set the host PIN (enter + confirm), then decline taking a seat.
+    await page.locator('.hostpin .plink').click();
+    await typePin(page, '9999');
+    await typePin(page, '9999');
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: /^(No|Нет)$/ }).click();
+
+    // Pick the English variant if the picker offers a choice.
+    const variant = page.locator('.fg select').first();
+    if (await variant.isEnabled()) await variant.selectOption('scrabble_en');
+
+    // Two players: Ann (PIN-locked) and Bob (open).
+    await page.locator('.pname').nth(0).fill('Ann');
+    await page.locator('.pname').nth(1).fill('Bob');
+    await page.locator('.prow').nth(0).locator('.plink').click(); // Ann's seat PIN
+    await typePin(page, '1234');
+    await typePin(page, '1234');
+
+    await page.locator('button.invite').click();
+    await expect(page.locator('[data-cell]').first()).toBeVisible();
+
+    // Ann is to move and PIN-locked: the board is visible but her rack is withheld behind Unlock.
+    await expect(page.locator('.unlock')).toBeVisible();
+    await expect(page.locator('.rack .tile')).toHaveCount(0);
+
+    // A wrong PIN keeps it locked; the right PIN reveals the full rack.
+    await page.locator('.unlock').click();
+    await typePin(page, '0000');
+    await expect(page.locator('.pad')).toBeVisible(); // still open after a wrong PIN
+    await typePin(page, '1234');
+    await expect(page.locator('.rack .tile')).toHaveCount(7);
+
+    // Host override: 🔐 -> master PIN -> skip the current turn -> confirm. The turn passes to Bob,
+    // whose seat is open, so his rack shows without a lock.
+    await page.locator('button.tab', { hasText: /Host|Ведущий/ }).click();
+    await typePin(page, '9999');
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: /Skip|Пропустить/ }).click();
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: /^(OK|ОК)$/ }).click();
+    await expect(page.locator('.unlock')).toHaveCount(0);
+    await expect(page.locator('.rack .tile')).toHaveCount(7);
+
+    // Back in the lobby the active hotseat game has a kebab; terminating it needs the master PIN.
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: /Back|Назад/i }).click();
+    await expect(page.getByText('Ann', { exact: false }).first()).toBeVisible();
+    await expect(page.locator('.rowwrap')).toHaveCount(1);
+    await page.locator('.kebab').first().click();
+    const del = page.locator('.rowwrap.revealed .del');
+    await expect(del).toBeVisible();
+    await del.click();
+    await typePin(page, '9999');
+    await expect(page.locator('.rowwrap')).toHaveCount(0);
+  });
+});

ui/src/components/PinPad.svelte

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+  // Apple-lock-screen-style 4-digit PIN pad for offline pass-and-play (hotseat) games.
+  // Modes:
+  //   set     — enter a PIN, then repeat it to confirm; emits { kind: 'set', lock }.
+  //   verify  — enter a PIN; runs `verify(pin)` on the 4th digit; emits { kind: 'verified' }
+  //             or shakes + clears on a wrong PIN.
+  //   change  — run `verify` on the current PIN, then offer "set a new PIN" (the set flow)
+  //             or, when allowRemove, "remove PIN" ({ kind: 'removed' }).
+  // Verification is delegated to the caller's `verify` callback: at creation time it checks a
+  // UI-held lock (lib/pin verifyPin); in-game it delegates to the local source (which holds the
+  // stored lock). The pad never shows an OK button: entering the 4th digit is the action. PIN
+  // storage is a social lock, not cryptography — see lib/pin.ts.
+  import Modal from './Modal.svelte';
+  import { t } from '../lib/i18n/index.svelte';
+  import { newLock, type PinLock } from '../lib/pin';
+
+  /** PinResult is the outcome handed to onresult when the pad completes. */
+  export type PinResult =
+    | { kind: 'set'; lock: PinLock }
+    | { kind: 'verified' }
+    | { kind: 'removed' };
+
+  let {
+    mode,
+    title = '',
+    verify,
+    allowRemove = false,
+    onclose,
+    onresult,
+  }: {
+    mode: 'set' | 'verify' | 'change';
+    title?: string;
+    /** Verifies an entered PIN (required for 'verify' and 'change'). */
+    verify?: (pin: string) => Promise<boolean>;
+    allowRemove?: boolean;
+    onclose?: () => void;
+    onresult: (r: PinResult) => void;
+  } = $props();
+
+  const LEN = 4;
+
+  // 'old' verifies the existing PIN (change); 'menu' offers set-new / remove (change);
+  // 'enter' collects a PIN; 'confirm' re-enters it (set / change→new). `mode` is fixed
+  // for the pad's lifetime (callers mount a fresh pad per operation), so capturing its
+  // initial value here is intentional.
+  // svelte-ignore state_referenced_locally
+  let phase = $state<'old' | 'menu' | 'enter' | 'confirm'>(mode === 'change' ? 'old' : 'enter');
+  let buffer = $state('');
+  let first = $state(''); // the first entry, awaiting confirmation
+  let error = $state(false); // drives the error prompt + shake
+  let shakeSeq = $state(0); // bumped on each error to replay the shake animation
+  let busy = $state(false); // guards the async check between the 4th digit and the outcome
+
+  function promptText(): string {
+    if (error) return phase === 'confirm' ? t('pin.mismatch') : t('pin.wrong');
+    switch (phase) {
+      case 'old':
+        return t('pin.enterCurrent');
+      case 'confirm':
+        return t('pin.repeat');
+      default:
+        return mode === 'verify' ? t('pin.enter') : t('pin.create');
+    }
+  }
+
+  function fail(): void {
+    buffer = '';
+    error = true;
+    shakeSeq += 1;
+  }
+
+  async function commit(): Promise<void> {
+    busy = true;
+    try {
+      if (phase === 'old') {
+        if (verify && (await verify(buffer))) {
+          buffer = '';
+          error = false;
+          phase = 'menu';
+        } else fail();
+      } else if (phase === 'enter' && mode === 'verify') {
+        if (verify && (await verify(buffer))) onresult({ kind: 'verified' });
+        else fail();
+      } else if (phase === 'enter') {
+        first = buffer;
+        buffer = '';
+        error = false;
+        phase = 'confirm';
+      } else if (phase === 'confirm') {
+        if (buffer === first) onresult({ kind: 'set', lock: await newLock(buffer) });
+        else {
+          first = '';
+          phase = 'enter';
+          fail();
+        }
+      }
+    } finally {
+      busy = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function press(d: string): void {
+    if (busy || phase === 'menu' || buffer.length >= LEN) return;
+    error = false;
+    buffer += d;
+    if (buffer.length === LEN) void commit();
+  }
+
+  function back(): void {
+    if (busy || phase === 'menu') return;
+    buffer = buffer.slice(0, -1);
+  }
+
+  function startNew(): void {
+    error = false;
+    first = '';
+    buffer = '';
+    phase = 'enter';
+  }
+
+  function onkey(e: KeyboardEvent): void {
+    if (e.key >= '0' && e.key <= '9') {
+      press(e.key);
+      e.preventDefault();
+    } else if (e.key === 'Backspace') {
+      back();
+      e.preventDefault();
+    } else if (e.key === 'Escape') {
+      onclose?.();
+    }
+  }
+
+  const keys = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'];
+  const slots = Array.from({ length: LEN }, (_, i) => i);
+</script>
+
+<svelte:window onkeydown={onkey} />
+
+<Modal {title} {onclose} overlayKeyboard>
+  <div class="pad">
+    {#if phase === 'menu'}
+      <div class="menu">
+        <button class="opt" onclick={startNew}>{t('pin.setNew')}</button>
+        {#if allowRemove}
+          <button class="opt danger" onclick={() => onresult({ kind: 'removed' })}>
+            {t('pin.remove')}
+          </button>
+        {/if}
+      </div>
+    {:else}
+      <p class="prompt" class:err={error}>{promptText()}</p>
+      {#key shakeSeq}
+        <div class="dots" class:shake={error} aria-hidden="true">
+          {#each slots as i}
+            <span class="dot" class:on={i < buffer.length}></span>
+          {/each}
+        </div>
+      {/key}
+      <div class="grid">
+        {#each keys as k}
+          <button class="key" onclick={() => press(k)} aria-label={k}>{k}</button>
+        {/each}
+        <span class="key spacer"></span>
+        <button class="key" onclick={() => press('0')} aria-label="0">0</button>
+        <button class="key back" onclick={back} aria-label="⌫" disabled={buffer.length === 0}>⌫</button>
+      </div>
+    {/if}
+  </div>
+</Modal>
+
+<style>
+  .pad {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    align-items: center;
+    gap: 16px;
+    padding-top: 4px;
+  }
+  .prompt {
+    margin: 0;
+    font-size: 0.95rem;
+    color: var(--muted, var(--text));
+    min-height: 1.2em;
+  }
+  .prompt.err {
+    color: var(--danger);
+  }
+  .dots {
+    display: flex;
+    gap: 16px;
+  }
+  .dot {
+    width: 14px;
+    height: 14px;
+    border-radius: 50%;
+    border: 1.5px solid var(--text);
+    box-sizing: border-box;
+  }
+  .dot.on {
+    background: var(--text);
+  }
+  .shake {
+    animation: shake 0.32s ease;
+  }
+  @keyframes shake {
+    0%, 100% { transform: translateX(0); }
+    20% { transform: translateX(-7px); }
+    40% { transform: translateX(7px); }
+    60% { transform: translateX(-5px); }
+    80% { transform: translateX(5px); }
+  }
+  .grid {
+    display: grid;
+    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
+    gap: 12px;
+  }
+  .key {
+    width: 62px;
+    height: 62px;
+    border-radius: 50%;
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
+    background: var(--surface);
+    color: var(--text);
+    font-size: 1.4rem;
+    font-weight: 500;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: center;
+  }
+  .key:active {
+    background: var(--accent);
+    color: var(--accent-text);
+  }
+  .key.back {
+    border-color: transparent;
+    background: transparent;
+    font-size: 1.2rem;
+  }
+  .key.back:disabled {
+    opacity: 0.3;
+  }
+  .key.spacer {
+    border: none;
+    background: none;
+    pointer-events: none;
+  }
+  .menu {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    gap: 10px;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .opt {
+    padding: 14px;
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
+    background: var(--surface);
+    color: var(--text);
+    border-radius: var(--radius);
+    font-weight: 600;
+  }
+  .opt.danger {
+    border-color: var(--danger);
+    color: var(--danger);
+  }
+</style>

ui/src/game/Game.svelte

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
   import TabBar from '../components/TabBar.svelte';
   import TapConfirm from '../components/TapConfirm.svelte';
   import Modal from '../components/Modal.svelte';
+  import PinPad from '../components/PinPad.svelte';
   import DictWarmup from '../components/DictWarmup.svelte';
   import Board from './Board.svelte';
   import Rack from './Rack.svelte';
@@ -163,6 +164,11 @@
   const playable = $derived(!!view && (view.game.status === 'active' || view.game.status === 'open'));
   const isMyTurn = $derived(!!view && playable && view.game.toMove === view.seat);
   const gameOver = $derived(!!view && view.game.status === 'finished');
+  // Offline hotseat: the seat to move is PIN-locked until its owner enters the seat PIN this turn.
+  // While locked the board stays visible but the rack is withheld and the move controls disabled;
+  // canMove folds the lock into isMyTurn (locked is always false for a network / vs_ai game).
+  const locked = $derived(!!view?.locked);
+  const canMove = $derived(isMyTurn && !locked);
   // The hint badge: this game's allowance remaining plus the LIVE global wallet. Reading the
   // wallet from the profile (not the per-game view snapshot) keeps it correct after a wallet
   // hint was spent in another game (see lib/hints).
@@ -774,8 +780,8 @@
     // rapid placements do not pile up requests on a slow link.
     evalCtrl?.abort();
     evalCtrl = null;
-    // Off-turn the composition is position-only: no score preview or evaluate.
+    // Off-turn (or a locked hotseat seat) the composition is position-only: no score preview.
-    if (!isMyTurn) return;
+    if (!canMove) return;
     const sub = toSubmit(placement);
     if (!sub) return;
     // Instant on-device preview when the game's dictionary is warm; the network otherwise.
@@ -833,12 +839,106 @@
     refreshRecent();
   }
 
+  // --- offline hotseat: seat unlock + host (referee) overrides -------------------
+  let unlockOpen = $state(false); // the current locked seat's owner enters their PIN to reveal the rack
+  // The host menu: 'pin' collects the master PIN, then 'menu' lists the overrides. hostPinEntered is
+  // the verified master PIN, reused to authorise the chosen action (the source re-checks it).
+  let hostMenuStep = $state<'closed' | 'pin' | 'menu'>('closed');
+  let hostPinEntered = $state('');
+  // The pending host action awaiting its confirm ("Skip X's turn?" etc.); null shows the menu list.
+  let hostConfirm = $state<{ action: 'skip' | 'resign' | 'terminate'; seat?: number; name?: string } | null>(null);
+  let hostDone = $state(false); // the transient success ✅ shown after an override
+
+  // hotseatName is the plain display name of a seat by index (hotseat seats are account-less local
+  // players, so no "you"/🤖 resolution is needed — unlike the seat-object seatName used elsewhere).
+  function hotseatName(i: number): string {
+    return view?.game.seats[i]?.displayName ?? '';
+  }
+
+  function startSkip(): void {
+    if (!view) return;
+    hostConfirm = { action: 'skip', seat: view.game.toMove, name: hotseatName(view.game.toMove) };
+  }
+
+  function flashDone(): void {
+    hostDone = true;
+    setTimeout(() => (hostDone = false), 1100);
+  }
+
+  // advanceHotseat re-points the screen at the next seat after a hotseat move: the source has advanced
+  // the turn and re-locked, so a fresh state gives the next seat's rack (empty while it is locked).
+  async function advanceHotseat(): Promise<void> {
+    const st = await source.gameState(id, false);
+    view = st;
+    rackIds = st.rack.map((_, i) => i);
+    placement = newPlacement(st.rack);
+    selected = null;
+    preview = null;
+    setCachedGame(id, st, moves, '');
+  }
+
+  // onUnlock verifies the current seat's PIN through the source (which reveals the rack on success)
+  // and applies the unlocked state; handed to the PIN pad as its verifier.
+  async function onUnlock(pin: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    try {
+      const st = await localSource.unlockSeat(id, pin);
+      view = st;
+      rackIds = st.rack.map((_, i) => i);
+      placement = newPlacement(st.rack);
+      selected = null;
+      return true;
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // verifyHost captures the entered master PIN (reused to authorise the chosen action) and checks it.
+  async function verifyHost(pin: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    hostPinEntered = pin;
+    return localSource.verifyHostPin(id, pin);
+  }
+
+  function hostConfirmText(c: { action: 'skip' | 'resign' | 'terminate'; name?: string }): string {
+    if (c.action === 'skip') return t('hotseat.askSkip', { name: c.name ?? '' });
+    if (c.action === 'resign') return t('hotseat.askExclude', { name: c.name ?? '' });
+    return t('hotseat.askTerminate');
+  }
+
+  async function runHostAction(): Promise<void> {
+    if (!hostConfirm) return;
+    const { action, seat } = hostConfirm;
+    hostConfirm = null;
+    hostMenuStep = 'closed';
+    busy = true;
+    try {
+      const st = await localSource.hostAction(id, hostPinEntered, action, seat);
+      if (st === null) {
+        navigate('/'); // terminated: the game is deleted, so return to the lobby
+        return;
+      }
+      view = st;
+      rackIds = st.rack.map((_, i) => i);
+      placement = newPlacement(st.rack);
+      selected = null;
+      preview = null;
+      moves = (await source.gameHistory(id)).moves; // a skip / resign added a journal move
+      setCachedGame(id, st, moves, '');
+      flashDone();
+    } catch (e) {
+      handleError(e);
+    } finally {
+      busy = false;
+      hostPinEntered = '';
+    }
+  }
+
   async function commit() {
     const sub = toSubmit(placement);
     if (!sub) return;
     busy = true;
     try {
       applyMoveResult(await source.submitPlay(id, sub.tiles, variant));
+      if (view?.game.hotseat) await advanceHotseat();
       haptic('success');
       zoomed = false;
     } catch (e) {
@@ -858,6 +958,7 @@
     busy = true;
     try {
       applyMoveResult(await source.pass(id));
+      if (view?.game.hotseat) await advanceHotseat();
     } catch (e) {
       handleError(e);
     } finally {
@@ -979,6 +1080,7 @@
     busy = true;
     try {
       applyMoveResult(await source.exchange(id, tiles, variant));
+      if (view?.game.hotseat) await advanceHotseat();
     } catch (e) {
       handleError(e);
     } finally {
@@ -1433,13 +1535,17 @@
         {:else}
           <button class="hicon" onclick={onExportClick} aria-label={t('game.exportGcg')}>📤</button>
         {/if}
+      {:else if view.game.hotseat}
+        <!-- Hotseat resign is a host (referee) action, not self-serve; keep the slot empty. -->
+        <span aria-hidden="true"></span>
       {:else}
         <button class="hicon" onclick={onResignClick} disabled={waitingForOpponent} aria-label={t('game.dropGame')}>🏁</button>
       {/if}
       {#if !view.game.multipleWordsPerTurn}<span class="oneword-label">{t('game.oneWordRule')}</span>{/if}
       <!-- A finished AI game has no comms at all (no chat, and the dictionary closes with the
-           game), so the entry is dropped; an active AI game keeps it (it opens the dictionary). -->
+           game), so the entry is dropped; an active AI game keeps it (it opens the dictionary).
-      {#if !(gameOver && view.game.vsAi)}
+           A hotseat game has no chat either (local players, no accounts). -->
+      {#if !(gameOver && view.game.vsAi) && !view.game.hotseat}
         <button class="hicon" onclick={() => navigate(`/game/${id}/chat`)} aria-label={t('game.chat')}>
           {#key chatBlink}<span class="chat-ico" class:blink={chatBlink > 0 && !app.reduceMotion}>💬</span>{/key}
         </button>
@@ -1512,7 +1618,7 @@
       {#if gameOver}
         <strong class="over">{resultText()}</strong>
       {:else if placement.pending.length === 0}
-        <span class="turn-ind">{isMyTurn ? t('game.yourTurn') : turnLabel()}</span>
+        <span class="turn-ind">{view.game.hotseat ? t('hotseat.turnOf', { name: hotseatName(view.game.toMove) }) : isMyTurn ? t('game.yourTurn') : turnLabel()}</span>
       {/if}
       <span class="scores">
         {#if recallOverRack}{:else if preview}{preview.legal ? t('game.previewWords', { words: preview.words.join(', '), n: preview.score }) : t('game.previewIllegal')}{/if}
@@ -1526,28 +1632,40 @@
        a finished game shows the final rack greyed out and the controls disabled. -->
   <div class="rack-row" class:inert={gameOver} data-coach="game-rack">
     <div class="rack-wrap">
-      <Rack
+      {#if locked}
-        slots={rackSlots}
+        <!-- A PIN-locked hotseat seat: the rack is withheld until its owner unlocks it. The board
-        {variant}
+             above stays visible; only this tray is gated. -->
-        {selected}
+        <button class="unlock" onclick={() => (unlockOpen = true)}>🔒 {t('hotseat.unlock')}</button>
-        {landscape}
+      {:else}
-        shuffling={shuffling && !app.reduceMotion}
+        <Rack
-        draggingId={reorderDragId}
+          slots={rackSlots}
-        dropIndex={reorderTo}
+          {variant}
-        ondown={onRackDown}
+          {selected}
-      />
+          {landscape}
+          shuffling={shuffling && !app.reduceMotion}
+          draggingId={reorderDragId}
+          dropIndex={reorderTo}
+          ondown={onRackDown}
+        />
+      {/if}
     </div>
     {#if !gameOver && placement.pending.length > 0 && !recallOverRack}
-      <button class="make" onclick={commit} disabled={busy || !isMyTurn || !netReady || !preview?.legal} aria-label={t('game.makeMove')}>✅</button>
+      <button class="make" onclick={commit} disabled={busy || !canMove || !netReady || !preview?.legal} aria-label={t('game.makeMove')}>✅</button>
     {/if}
   </div>
 {/snippet}
 
 {#snippet controlButtons()}
-  <button class="tab" disabled={busy || !isMyTurn || !netReady} onclick={openExchange}>
+  <button class="tab" disabled={busy || !canMove || !netReady} onclick={openExchange}>
     <span class="sq" data-coach="game-turn">🔄</span><span class="lbl">{t('game.draw')}</span>
   </button>
-  {#if view?.game.vsAi}
+  {#if view?.game.hotseat}
+    <!-- Hotseat: no hints. The freed slot becomes the host (referee) button — always available
+         (even on a locked seat: the host may skip a player who forgot their PIN). -->
+    <button class="tab" disabled={busy || gameOver} onclick={() => (hostMenuStep = 'pin')}>
+      <span class="sq">🔐</span><span class="lbl">{t('hotseat.host')}</span>
+    </button>
+  {:else if view?.game.vsAi}
     <!-- vs_ai hints are unlimited and wallet-free, so no confirm and no count. A 🔒 badge marks the
          idle gate while it is closed; tapping then only explains when it opens (doHint), and the lock
          lifts live at the unlock moment. -->
@@ -1623,6 +1741,55 @@
   </Modal>
 {/if}
 
+<!-- Offline hotseat: unlock the current seat's rack. -->
+{#if unlockOpen && view}
+  <PinPad
+    mode="verify"
+    title={t('hotseat.unlockTitle', { name: hotseatName(view.game.toMove) })}
+    verify={onUnlock}
+    onclose={() => (unlockOpen = false)}
+    onresult={() => (unlockOpen = false)}
+  />
+{/if}
+
+<!-- Offline hotseat: the host (referee) enters the master PIN, then picks an override. -->
+{#if hostMenuStep === 'pin'}
+  <PinPad
+    mode="verify"
+    title={t('hotseat.host')}
+    verify={verifyHost}
+    onclose={() => (hostMenuStep = 'closed')}
+    onresult={() => (hostMenuStep = 'menu')}
+  />
+{/if}
+{#if hostMenuStep === 'menu' && view}
+  <Modal title={t('hotseat.host')} onclose={() => { hostMenuStep = 'closed'; hostConfirm = null; }}>
+    {#if hostConfirm}
+      <p class="host-q">{hostConfirmText(hostConfirm)}</p>
+      <div class="confirm-row">
+        <button class="cancel" onclick={() => (hostConfirm = null)}>{t('common.cancel')}</button>
+        <button class="danger" onclick={runHostAction}>{t('common.ok')}</button>
+      </div>
+    {:else}
+      <div class="host-menu">
+        <button class="host-act" onclick={startSkip}>
+          {t('hotseat.skip')}
+        </button>
+        <div class="host-sub">{t('hotseat.exclude')}</div>
+        {#each view.game.seats as s (s.seat)}
+          <button class="host-seat" onclick={() => (hostConfirm = { action: 'resign', seat: s.seat, name: s.displayName })}>
+            {s.displayName}
+          </button>
+        {/each}
+        <button class="host-act danger" onclick={() => (hostConfirm = { action: 'terminate' })}>{t('hotseat.terminate')}</button>
+      </div>
+    {/if}
+  </Modal>
+{/if}
+{#if hostDone}
+  <div class="host-done" aria-hidden="true">✅</div>
+{/if}
+
 {#if exportOpen}
   <Modal title={t('game.exportGcg')} onclose={() => (exportOpen = false)}>
     <div class="export-opts">
@@ -2122,4 +2289,67 @@
     font-size: 0.62rem;
     line-height: 1;
   }
+  /* --- offline hotseat --- */
+  /* The locked-seat rack overlay: fills the rack tray with an "unlock" button, the board above
+     stays visible. */
+  .unlock {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+    min-height: 44px;
+    border: 1px dashed var(--border);
+    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+    background: var(--surface);
+    color: var(--text);
+    font-weight: 600;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: center;
+    gap: 8px;
+  }
+  .host-menu {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    gap: 8px;
+  }
+  .host-act,
+  .host-seat {
+    padding: 12px;
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
+    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+    background: var(--surface);
+    color: var(--text);
+    font-weight: 600;
+    text-align: left;
+  }
+  .host-act.danger {
+    border-color: var(--danger);
+    color: var(--danger);
+  }
+  .host-sub {
+    font-size: 0.8rem;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+    margin-top: 4px;
+  }
+  .host-q {
+    margin: 0 0 12px;
+    font-weight: 600;
+  }
+  /* The transient success tick after a host override — a centred ✅ that fades out on a timer. */
+  .host-done {
+    position: fixed;
+    inset: 0;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: center;
+    font-size: 4rem;
+    z-index: 50;
+    pointer-events: none;
+    animation: host-done-fade 1.1s ease forwards;
+  }
+  @keyframes host-done-fade {
+    0% { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.7); }
+    25% { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }
+    75% { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }
+    100% { opacity: 0; transform: scale(1); }
+  }
 </style>

ui/src/lib/gamesource.ts

@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ export const localSource = {
   create: (opts) => load().then((s) => s.create(opts)),
   list: () => load().then((s) => s.list()),
   delete: (id) => load().then((s) => s.delete(id)),
+  // Offline hotseat controls (no network equivalent): reveal a PIN-locked seat, and the host
+  // (referee) overrides gated by the master PIN.
+  unlockSeat: (id, pin) => load().then((s) => s.unlockSeat(id, pin)),
+  verifyHostPin: (id, pin) => load().then((s) => s.verifyHostPin(id, pin)),
+  hostAction: (id, pin, action, targetSeat) => load().then((s) => s.hostAction(id, pin, action, targetSeat)),
   // events must return the unsubscribe synchronously (the screen subscribes in onMount), so it wires
   // the real subscription once the engine loads and, until then, cancels a pending subscribe.
   events: (id, onEvent) => {
@@ -54,7 +59,8 @@ export const localSource = {
       unsub();
     };
   },
-} satisfies GameLoopSource & Pick<LocalSource, 'events' | 'create' | 'list' | 'delete'>;
+} satisfies GameLoopSource &
+  Pick<LocalSource, 'events' | 'create' | 'list' | 'delete' | 'unlockSeat' | 'verifyHostPin' | 'hostAction'>;
 
 /**
  * gameSource returns the source that runs the game with the given id: the local engine for a local

ui/src/lib/i18n/en.ts

@@ -389,6 +389,35 @@ export const en = {
   'error.game_active': 'Available only after the game is finished.',
   'error.invalid_profile': 'Some profile fields are invalid.',
   'error.already_confirmed': 'This email is already confirmed.',
+
+  'pin.enter': 'Enter PIN',
+  'pin.create': 'Create a PIN',
+  'pin.repeat': 'Repeat the PIN',
+  'pin.enterCurrent': 'Enter current PIN',
+  'pin.mismatch': "PINs don't match",
+  'pin.wrong': 'Wrong PIN',
+  'pin.setNew': 'Set a new PIN',
+  'pin.remove': 'Remove PIN',
+
+  'hotseat.hostPin': 'Host password',
+  'hotseat.setPin': 'Password',
+  'hotseat.changePin': 'Change',
+  'hotseat.playerName': 'Player name',
+  'hotseat.addPlayer': 'Add player',
+  'hotseat.removePlayer': 'Remove player',
+  'hotseat.hostPlaysTitle': 'Are you playing too?',
+  'hotseat.hostPlaysYes': 'Yes, I play',
+  'hotseat.hostPlaysNo': 'No',
+  'hotseat.unlock': 'Unlock',
+  'hotseat.unlockTitle': 'Unlock: {name}',
+  'hotseat.turnOf': 'Turn: {name}',
+  'hotseat.host': 'Host',
+  'hotseat.skip': 'Skip the current turn',
+  'hotseat.exclude': 'Exclude a player:',
+  'hotseat.terminate': 'End the game',
+  'hotseat.askSkip': "Skip {name}'s turn?",
+  'hotseat.askExclude': 'Remove {name} from the game?',
+  'hotseat.askTerminate': 'End the game with no result?',
 } as const;
 
 export type MessageKey = keyof typeof en;

ui/src/lib/i18n/ru.ts

@@ -389,4 +389,33 @@ export const ru: Record<MessageKey, string> = {
   'error.game_active': 'Доступно только после завершения игры.',
   'error.invalid_profile': 'Некоторые поля профиля некорректны.',
   'error.already_confirmed': 'Эта почта уже подтверждена.',
+
+  'pin.enter': 'Введите PIN',
+  'pin.create': 'Придумайте PIN',
+  'pin.repeat': 'Повторите PIN',
+  'pin.enterCurrent': 'Введите текущий PIN',
+  'pin.mismatch': 'PIN не совпадает',
+  'pin.wrong': 'Неверный PIN',
+  'pin.setNew': 'Задать новый PIN',
+  'pin.remove': 'Удалить пароль',
+
+  'hotseat.hostPin': 'Пароль ведущего',
+  'hotseat.setPin': 'Пароль',
+  'hotseat.changePin': 'Изменить',
+  'hotseat.playerName': 'Имя игрока',
+  'hotseat.addPlayer': 'Добавить игрока',
+  'hotseat.removePlayer': 'Удалить игрока',
+  'hotseat.hostPlaysTitle': 'Принимаете участие в игре?',
+  'hotseat.hostPlaysYes': 'Да, играю',
+  'hotseat.hostPlaysNo': 'Нет',
+  'hotseat.unlock': 'Разблокировать',
+  'hotseat.unlockTitle': 'Разблокировать: {name}',
+  'hotseat.turnOf': 'Ход: {name}',
+  'hotseat.host': 'Ведущий',
+  'hotseat.skip': 'Пропустить ход',
+  'hotseat.exclude': 'Исключить игрока:',
+  'hotseat.terminate': 'Отменить партию',
+  'hotseat.askSkip': 'Пропустить ход игрока {name}?',
+  'hotseat.askExclude': 'Удалить {name} из игры?',
+  'hotseat.askTerminate': 'Отменить партию без результата?',
 };

ui/src/lib/localgame/serialize.test.ts

@@ -83,4 +83,20 @@ describe('local game serialize + replay', () => {
     expect(rec.journal.length).toBe(g.moveCount);
     expect(replayGame(rec, dawg).seed).toBe(9999999999n);
   });
+
+  it('serialises hotseat metadata: the mode, master PIN and per-seat PINs', async () => {
+    const { newLock } = await import('../pin');
+    const hostPin = await newLock('9999');
+    const seatPin = await newLock('1234');
+    const hotseatSeats: Seat[] = [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'Ann', pin: seatPin },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'Bob' },
+    ];
+    const g = makeGame(5n);
+    const rec = serializeGame(g, { id: 'h1', seats: hotseatSeats, hotseat: true, hostPin, createdAtUnix: 1, updatedAtUnix: 2, hintUnlockAtMs: 0 });
+    expect(rec.hotseat).toBe(true);
+    expect(rec.hostPin).toEqual(hostPin);
+    expect(rec.seats[0].pin).toEqual(seatPin);
+    expect(rec.seats[1].pin).toBeUndefined();
+  });
 });

ui/src/lib/localgame/serialize.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 import { LocalGame, type LocalMove, type DropoutTiles, type LocalGameOptions } from './engine';
 import type { Dawg } from '../dict/dawg';
 import type { Variant } from '../model';
+import type { PinLock } from '../pin';
 
 /** Seat describes one player of a local game (forward-compatible with a 2-4 hotseat). */
 export interface Seat {
@@ -20,6 +21,9 @@ export interface Seat {
   /** The player's real account id for a human seat, so the client identifies "you" and the correct
    *  turn exactly as in an online game; absent for the robot (a synthetic id is derived). */
   accountId?: string;
+  /** Offline hotseat only: the seat's optional PIN lock. When set, the seat's rack stays hidden
+   *  until the PIN is entered (a social lock for a shared device — see lib/pin). */
+  pin?: PinLock;
 }
 
 /** LocalGameRecord is the durable form of one local game — everything needed to reconstruct it. */
@@ -36,6 +40,12 @@ export interface LocalGameRecord {
   /** The dictionary-independent, alphabet-index-space move journal. */
   journal: LocalMove[];
   status: 'active' | 'finished';
+  /** Offline pass-and-play (hotseat): 2-4 humans share one device. Absent on vs_ai records (and on
+   *  older records predating the feature), which the source reads as false. */
+  hotseat?: boolean;
+  /** Offline hotseat only: the mandatory master (host/referee) PIN lock, needed to skip/resign a
+   *  seat, exclude a player or terminate the game (see lib/pin). Absent on vs_ai records. */
+  hostPin?: PinLock;
   createdAtUnix: number;
   updatedAtUnix: number;
   /** Wall-clock ms at which the vs_ai idle hint unlocks (the robot's last move + the window), or 0
@@ -49,6 +59,8 @@ export interface LocalGameRecord {
 export interface RecordMeta {
   id: string;
   seats: Seat[];
+  hotseat?: boolean;
+  hostPin?: PinLock;
   createdAtUnix: number;
   updatedAtUnix: number;
   hintUnlockAtMs: number;
@@ -71,6 +83,8 @@ export function serializeGame(game: LocalGame, meta: RecordMeta): LocalGameRecor
     seats: meta.seats,
     journal: game.history,
     status: game.isOver ? 'finished' : 'active',
+    hotseat: meta.hotseat,
+    hostPin: meta.hostPin,
     createdAtUnix: meta.createdAtUnix,
     updatedAtUnix: meta.updatedAtUnix,
     hintUnlockAtMs: meta.hintUnlockAtMs,

ui/src/lib/localgame/source.hotseat.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
+import type { StateView } from '../model';
+
+// getDawg is mocked to the committed sample dictionary (the store's IndexedDB is absent under node,
+// so games live in the source's in-memory cache — created once, then driven without reload).
+vi.mock('../dict', () => ({
+  getDawg: async () => {
+    const { Dawg } = await import('../dict/dawg');
+    const { readFileSync } = await import('node:fs');
+    return new Dawg(new Uint8Array(readFileSync(new URL('../dict/testdata/sample_en.dawg', import.meta.url))));
+  },
+}));
+
+import { LocalSource } from './source';
+import type { Seat } from './serialize';
+import { newLock } from '../pin';
+
+async function hotseat(id: string, seats: Seat[], hostDigits = '9999'): Promise<LocalSource> {
+  const src = new LocalSource();
+  await src.create({
+    id,
+    variant: 'scrabble_en',
+    dictVersion: 'sample',
+    seed: 3n,
+    multipleWords: true,
+    seats,
+    hotseat: true,
+    hostPin: await newLock(hostDigits),
+  });
+  return src;
+}
+
+describe('LocalSource hotseat', () => {
+  it('creates a pass-and-play game: not vs_ai, board visible, first seat to move', async () => {
+    const src = await hotseat('local:h1', [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'Ann' },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'Bob' },
+    ]);
+    const st = await src.gameState('local:h1');
+    expect(st.game.vsAi).toBe(false);
+    expect(st.game.hotseat).toBe(true);
+    expect(st.game.toMove).toBe(0);
+    expect(st.locked).toBeFalsy(); // seat 0 has no PIN
+    expect(st.rack.length).toBe(7);
+    expect(st.game.seats.map((s) => s.displayName)).toEqual(['Ann', 'Bob']);
+  });
+
+  it('hides the rack of a PIN-locked seat until the right PIN unlocks it', async () => {
+    const src = await hotseat('local:h2', [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'Ann', pin: await newLock('1234') },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'Bob' },
+    ]);
+    const st = await src.gameState('local:h2');
+    expect(st.locked).toBe(true);
+    expect(st.rack).toEqual([]);
+
+    await expect(src.unlockSeat('local:h2', '0000')).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'wrong_pin' });
+
+    const opened = await src.unlockSeat('local:h2', '1234');
+    expect(opened.locked).toBe(false);
+    expect(opened.rack.length).toBe(7);
+  });
+
+  it('re-locks the seat when the turn advances and again when it comes back', async () => {
+    const src = await hotseat('local:h3', [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'A', pin: await newLock('1111') },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'B' },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'C' },
+    ]);
+    await src.unlockSeat('local:h3', '1111');
+    await src.pass('local:h3'); // seat 0 -> 1
+    let st = await src.gameState('local:h3');
+    expect(st.game.toMove).toBe(1);
+    expect(st.locked).toBeFalsy(); // seat 1 has no PIN
+
+    await src.pass('local:h3'); // 1 -> 2
+    await src.pass('local:h3'); // 2 -> 0
+    st = await src.gameState('local:h3');
+    expect(st.game.toMove).toBe(0);
+    expect(st.locked).toBe(true); // seat 0 needs re-unlocking
+  });
+
+  it('lets the host skip the current turn, gated by the master PIN', async () => {
+    const src = await hotseat('local:h4', [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'A' },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'B' },
+    ], '4321');
+    expect((await src.gameState('local:h4')).game.toMove).toBe(0);
+    await expect(src.hostAction('local:h4', '0000', 'skip')).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'wrong_pin' });
+    const st = await src.hostAction('local:h4', '4321', 'skip');
+    expect(st).not.toBeNull();
+    expect((st as StateView).game.toMove).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('lets the host resign a seat (ending a two-player game)', async () => {
+    const src = await hotseat('local:h5', [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'A' },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'B' },
+    ], '4321');
+    const st = await src.hostAction('local:h5', '4321', 'resign', 1);
+    expect((st as StateView).game.status).toBe('finished');
+  });
+
+  it('lets the host terminate the game, deleting it', async () => {
+    const src = await hotseat('local:h6', [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'A' },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'B' },
+    ], '4321');
+    const r = await src.hostAction('local:h6', '4321', 'terminate');
+    expect(r).toBeNull();
+    await expect(src.gameState('local:h6')).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'game_not_found' });
+  });
+
+  it('verifies the master PIN', async () => {
+    const src = await hotseat('local:h7', [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'A' },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'B' },
+    ], '4321');
+    expect(await src.verifyHostPin('local:h7', '4321')).toBe(true);
+    expect(await src.verifyHostPin('local:h7', '0000')).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('persists a naturally finished game (scoreless run) as finished', async () => {
+    const src = await hotseat('local:h8', [
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'A' },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'B' },
+    ]);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) await src.pass('local:h8');
+    const st = await src.gameState('local:h8');
+    expect(st.game.status).toBe('finished');
+  });
+});

ui/src/lib/localgame/source.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { setAlphabet, hasAlphabet } from '../alphabet';
 import { HINT_GATE_MS } from '../hints';
 import { LOCAL_ID_PREFIX, isLocalGameId } from './id';
 import { decide } from '../robot/strategy';
+import { verifyPin, type PinLock } from '../pin';
 import { GatewayError, type PlacedTile } from '../client';
 import type {
   EvalResult,
@@ -87,6 +88,9 @@ function encodePlacements(variant: Variant, tiles: PlacedTile[]): { row: number;
 interface Live {
   game: LocalGame;
   record: LocalGameRecord;
+  /** Offline hotseat only: which seat is currently unlocked (its PIN was entered this turn), or null.
+   *  Ephemeral — never persisted; cleared on every turn advance so each turn re-locks. */
+  unlockedSeat: number | null;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -97,7 +101,8 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
   private readonly live = new Map<string, Live>();
   private readonly listeners = new Map<string, Set<(e: PushEvent) => void>>();
 
-  /** create starts a new local vs_ai game, persists it and returns its state. */
+  /** create starts a new local game — a vs_ai game or an offline pass-and-play (hotseat) game when
+   *  hotseat is set — persists it and returns its state. hostPin is the hotseat master PIN. */
   async create(opts: {
     id: string;
     variant: Variant;
@@ -105,6 +110,8 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
     seed: bigint;
     multipleWords: boolean;
     seats: LocalSeat[];
+    hotseat?: boolean;
+    hostPin?: PinLock;
   }): Promise<StateView> {
     const dawg = await getDawg(opts.variant, opts.dictVersion);
     if (!dawg) throw new GatewayError('dict_unavailable');
@@ -119,12 +126,14 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
     const now = nowUnix();
     const record = serializeGame(game, {
       id: opts.id,
-      seats: opts.seats.map((s) => ({ kind: s.kind, name: s.name, accountId: s.accountId })),
+      seats: opts.seats.map((s) => ({ kind: s.kind, name: s.name, accountId: s.accountId, pin: s.pin })),
+      hotseat: opts.hotseat,
+      hostPin: opts.hostPin,
       createdAtUnix: now,
       updatedAtUnix: now,
       hintUnlockAtMs: 0, // no robot move yet: a human-first opening's hint is open at once
     });
-    const entry: Live = { game, record };
+    const entry: Live = { game, record, unlockedSeat: null };
     this.live.set(opts.id, entry);
     await saveLocalGame(record);
     return this.stateView(entry);
@@ -185,10 +194,59 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
     const entry = await this.load(gameId);
     const seat = entry.game.currentPlayer;
     const move = entry.game.resign();
+    entry.unlockedSeat = null;
     await this.persist(entry);
     return this.moveResult(entry, move, seat);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * unlockSeat reveals the current hotseat seat's rack once its PIN is entered. It verifies pin
+   * against the seat's stored lock (a seat with no lock unlocks with any pin) and, on success, marks
+   * the seat unlocked for this turn only — a subsequent move re-locks it. Throws 'wrong_pin' on a
+   * mismatch. Returns the freshly unlocked state (rack revealed).
+   */
+  async unlockSeat(gameId: string, pin: string): Promise<StateView> {
+    const entry = await this.load(gameId);
+    const seat = entry.game.currentPlayer;
+    const lock = entry.record.seats[seat]?.pin;
+    if (lock && !(await verifyPin(pin, lock))) throw new GatewayError('wrong_pin');
+    entry.unlockedSeat = seat;
+    return this.stateView(entry);
+  }
+
+  /** verifyHostPin reports whether pin matches the hotseat master (host/referee) PIN. */
+  async verifyHostPin(gameId: string, pin: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    const entry = await this.load(gameId);
+    return !!entry.record.hostPin && (await verifyPin(pin, entry.record.hostPin));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * hostAction runs a host (referee) override on a hotseat game, gated by the master PIN:
+   *   'skip'      — pass the current seat's turn;
+   *   'resign'    — resign seat targetSeat (exclude a player / concede on their behalf);
+   *   'terminate' — end the game with no result and delete it from the store.
+   * Returns the updated StateView, or null when the game was terminated. Throws 'wrong_pin' on a bad
+   * PIN.
+   */
+  async hostAction(
+    gameId: string,
+    pin: string,
+    action: 'skip' | 'resign' | 'terminate',
+    targetSeat?: number,
+  ): Promise<StateView | null> {
+    const entry = await this.load(gameId);
+    if (!entry.record.hostPin || !(await verifyPin(pin, entry.record.hostPin))) throw new GatewayError('wrong_pin');
+    if (action === 'terminate') {
+      await this.delete(gameId);
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (action === 'skip') entry.game.pass();
+    else entry.game.resignSeat(targetSeat ?? entry.game.currentPlayer);
+    entry.unlockedSeat = null;
+    await this.persist(entry);
+    return this.stateView(entry);
+  }
+
   async hint(gameId: string): Promise<HintResult> {
     // The idle gate is enforced client-side with a monotonic clock (see Game.svelte / lib/hints):
     // a wall-clock timestamp here could be defeated by changing the device clock. This just serves
@@ -246,7 +304,7 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
     if (!record) throw new GatewayError('game_not_found');
     const dawg = await getDawg(record.variant, record.dictVersion);
     if (!dawg) throw new GatewayError('dict_unavailable');
-    const entry: Live = { game: replayGame(record, dawg), record };
+    const entry: Live = { game: replayGame(record, dawg), record, unlockedSeat: null };
     this.live.set(gameId, entry);
     return entry;
   }
@@ -258,6 +316,7 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
     const entry = await this.load(gameId);
     const seat = entry.game.currentPlayer;
     const move = act(entry.game);
+    entry.unlockedSeat = null; // the turn has advanced; a hotseat seat re-locks (no effect for vs_ai)
     const robotMoves = this.runRobots(entry);
     await this.persist(entry);
     const result = this.moveResult(entry, move, seat);
@@ -306,6 +365,8 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
     entry.record = serializeGame(entry.game, {
       id: entry.record.id,
       seats: entry.record.seats,
+      hotseat: entry.record.hotseat,
+      hostPin: entry.record.hostPin,
       createdAtUnix: entry.record.createdAtUnix,
       updatedAtUnix: nowUnix(),
       hintUnlockAtMs: entry.record.hintUnlockAtMs,
@@ -351,9 +412,14 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
     return leftMs > 0 ? Math.ceil(leftMs / 1000) : 0;
   }
 
+  // stateView is the seated player's private view. For a vs_ai game that is the single human seat; for
+  // a hotseat game it is the seat to move — and when that seat carries a PIN, the rack is withheld
+  // (empty, locked=true) until unlockSeat is called this turn.
   private stateView(entry: Live): StateView {
-    const seat = this.humanSeat(entry);
+    const hotseat = !!entry.record.hotseat;
-    const rack = entry.game.handOf(seat).map((t) => indexToLetter(entry.record.variant, t));
+    const seat = hotseat ? entry.game.currentPlayer : this.humanSeat(entry);
+    const locked = hotseat && !!entry.record.seats[seat]?.pin && entry.unlockedSeat !== seat;
+    const rack = locked ? [] : entry.game.handOf(seat).map((t) => indexToLetter(entry.record.variant, t));
     return {
       game: this.gameView(entry),
       seat,
@@ -362,6 +428,7 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
       hintsRemaining: 1,
       walletBalance: 0,
       hintUnlockLeftSeconds: this.hintUnlockLeft(entry),
+      locked,
     };
   }
 
@@ -401,7 +468,8 @@ export class LocalSource implements GameLoopSource {
       moveCount: game.moveCount,
       endReason: game.isOver ? game.endReason : '',
       lastActivityUnix: record.updatedAtUnix,
-      vsAi: true,
+      vsAi: !record.hotseat,
+      hotseat: !!record.hotseat,
       unreadChat: false,
       unreadMessages: false,
       seats,

ui/src/lib/model.ts

@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@ export interface GameView {
   lastActivityUnix: number;
   /** true = an honest-AI game: the opponent is shown as 🤖 and chat/nudge/add-friend are disabled. */
   vsAi: boolean;
+  /** true = a local offline pass-and-play (hotseat) game: 2-4 humans share one device. Set only by
+   *  the local source; the online gateway never sets it. Drives the per-seat PIN-lock UI and the host
+   *  menu (which replaces the hint control). A hotseat game is never vsAi. */
+  hotseat?: boolean;
   /** Per-viewer flag: the requesting player has at least one unread chat entry (message or
    *  nudge) in this game. Set on the authoritative REST views (lobby list, game state,
    *  move result); the live-event GameView leaves it false (events bump unread instead). */
@@ -87,6 +91,9 @@ export interface StateView {
    *  non-vs_ai game). The client anchors a MONOTONIC countdown (performance.now()) to it on receipt,
    *  so a client clock change cannot skew it; a relaunch re-fetches a fresh value. See lib/hints. */
   hintUnlockLeftSeconds?: number;
+  /** Offline hotseat only: the seat to move is PIN-locked, so its rack is withheld (empty) until the
+   *  seat's PIN is entered (see LocalSource.unlockSeat). Absent/false everywhere else. */
+  locked?: boolean;
 }
 
 export interface MoveResult {

ui/src/lib/pin.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { hashPin, newLock, newSalt, verifyPin } from './pin';
+
+describe('hashPin', () => {
+  it('is deterministic for the same pin and salt', async () => {
+    const salt = 'fixedsalt';
+    expect(await hashPin('1234', salt)).toBe(await hashPin('1234', salt));
+  });
+
+  it('differs when the salt differs', async () => {
+    expect(await hashPin('1234', 'saltA')).not.toBe(await hashPin('1234', 'saltB'));
+  });
+
+  it('differs when the pin differs', async () => {
+    const salt = 'fixedsalt';
+    expect(await hashPin('1234', salt)).not.toBe(await hashPin('4321', salt));
+  });
+});
+
+describe('newSalt', () => {
+  it('returns a non-empty value', () => {
+    expect(newSalt().length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+  });
+
+  it('returns a fresh value each call', () => {
+    expect(newSalt()).not.toBe(newSalt());
+  });
+});
+
+describe('newLock / verifyPin', () => {
+  it('produces a lock that verifies its own pin', async () => {
+    const lock = await newLock('1234');
+    expect(lock.hash.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(lock.salt.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(await verifyPin('1234', lock)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects a wrong pin', async () => {
+    const lock = await newLock('1234');
+    expect(await verifyPin('0000', lock)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('salts each lock independently (same pin, different hashes)', async () => {
+    const a = await newLock('1234');
+    const b = await newLock('1234');
+    expect(a.salt).not.toBe(b.salt);
+    expect(a.hash).not.toBe(b.hash);
+  });
+});

ui/src/lib/pin.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Seat / host PIN locks for offline pass-and-play (hotseat) games.
+//
+// A PinLock is a salted SHA-256 digest of a 4-digit PIN. This is a SOCIAL lock for a
+// shared device — not cryptographic protection. A 4-digit PIN has only 10^4
+// combinations and the whole game runs on the client, so a determined peek reads the
+// racks straight from memory regardless. The salt only keeps the PIN itself out of a
+// casual devtools glance and defeats precomputed tables; it does not make the PIN
+// brute-force resistant.
+
+/** PinLock is a stored, salted SHA-256 digest of a PIN (see the file header caveat). */
+export interface PinLock {
+  hash: string;
+  salt: string;
+}
+
+// b64url encodes bytes as base64url without padding (matches the idiom in vkid.ts).
+function b64url(bytes: Uint8Array): string {
+  let s = '';
+  for (const b of bytes) s += String.fromCharCode(b);
+  return btoa(s).replace(/\+/g, '-').replace(/\//g, '_').replace(/=+$/, '');
+}
+
+/** newSalt returns a fresh random base64url salt for a PinLock. */
+export function newSalt(): string {
+  const a = new Uint8Array(16);
+  crypto.getRandomValues(a);
+  return b64url(a);
+}
+
+/** hashPin returns the base64url SHA-256 digest binding salt to pin. */
+export async function hashPin(pin: string, salt: string): Promise<string> {
+  const digest = await crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', new TextEncoder().encode(`${salt}:${pin}`));
+  return b64url(new Uint8Array(digest));
+}
+
+/** newLock builds a PinLock for pin with a fresh salt. */
+export async function newLock(pin: string): Promise<PinLock> {
+  const salt = newSalt();
+  return { salt, hash: await hashPin(pin, salt) };
+}
+
+/** verifyPin reports whether pin matches the digest stored in lock. */
+export async function verifyPin(pin: string, lock: PinLock): Promise<boolean> {
+  return (await hashPin(pin, lock.salt)) === lock.hash;
+}

ui/src/lib/roster.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { buildSeats, commitName, rosterReady, type RosterRow } from './roster';
+
+describe('commitName (keep-last-valid)', () => {
+  it('commits a valid, trimmed name', () => {
+    expect(commitName('Ann', '')).toBe('Ann');
+    expect(commitName('  Ann  ', '')).toBe('Ann');
+  });
+
+  it('keeps the previous valid name when the input goes invalid', () => {
+    expect(commitName('', 'Ann')).toBe('Ann');
+    expect(commitName('   ', 'Ann')).toBe('Ann');
+    expect(commitName('a'.repeat(33), 'Ann')).toBe('Ann'); // over the 32-rune cap
+    expect(commitName('_bad', 'Ann')).toBe('Ann'); // leading separator
+  });
+
+  it('replaces the committed name with a newer valid one', () => {
+    expect(commitName('Bob', 'Ann')).toBe('Bob');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('rosterReady', () => {
+  const row = (committed: string): RosterRow => ({ name: committed, committed });
+
+  it('needs 2-4 rows, each with a committed name', () => {
+    expect(rosterReady([row('A'), row('B')])).toBe(true);
+    expect(rosterReady([row('A'), row('B'), row('C'), row('D')])).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects fewer than 2, more than 4, or an empty row', () => {
+    expect(rosterReady([row('A')])).toBe(false);
+    expect(rosterReady([row('A'), row('B'), row('C'), row('D'), row('E')])).toBe(false);
+    expect(rosterReady([row('A'), row('')])).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('buildSeats', () => {
+  it('maps committed rows to account-less human seats, carrying the PIN', () => {
+    const lock = { hash: 'h', salt: 's' };
+    const seats = buildSeats([
+      { name: 'Ann', committed: 'Ann', pin: lock },
+      { name: 'x', committed: 'Bob' },
+    ]);
+    expect(seats).toEqual([
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'Ann', pin: lock },
+      { kind: 'human', name: 'Bob', pin: undefined },
+    ]);
+    expect(seats.every((s) => !('accountId' in s) || s.accountId === undefined)).toBe(true);
+  });
+});

ui/src/lib/roster.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Pure helpers for the offline hotseat (pass-and-play) creation roster: keeping a last-valid name as
+// a row is edited, and turning the finished roster into engine seats. Kept out of the component so it
+// is unit-testable; the form itself is exercised by the e2e layer.
+
+import { validDisplayName } from './profileValidation';
+import type { PinLock } from './pin';
+import type { Seat } from './localgame/serialize';
+
+/** RosterRow is one editable player row: the live input, the last valid name kept when the input
+ *  goes invalid, and the optional per-seat PIN lock. */
+export interface RosterRow {
+  name: string;
+  committed: string;
+  pin?: PinLock;
+}
+
+/** commitName returns the new last-valid name: the trimmed input when it is a valid display name,
+ *  otherwise prevCommitted unchanged — so editing a set name into an invalid one keeps the old one. */
+export function commitName(input: string, prevCommitted: string): string {
+  return validDisplayName(input) ? input.trim() : prevCommitted;
+}
+
+/** rosterReady reports whether the roster can start a game: 2-4 rows, each with a committed name. */
+export function rosterReady(rows: RosterRow[]): boolean {
+  return rows.length >= 2 && rows.length <= 4 && rows.every((r) => r.committed !== '');
+}
+
+/** buildSeats turns committed roster rows into engine seats — all human, account-less (local
+ *  players sharing a device), carrying each row's optional PIN. */
+export function buildSeats(rows: RosterRow[]): Seat[] {
+  return rows.map((r): Seat => ({ kind: 'human', name: r.committed, pin: r.pin }));
+}

ui/src/screens/Lobby.svelte

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
   import Screen from '../components/Screen.svelte';
   import TabBar from '../components/TabBar.svelte';
   import Modal from '../components/Modal.svelte';
+  import PinPad from '../components/PinPad.svelte';
   import { app, handleError, refreshFeedbackBadge, seedChatUnread } from '../lib/app.svelte';
   import { connection } from '../lib/connection.svelte';
   import { gateway } from '../lib/gateway';
@@ -186,6 +187,9 @@
   // revealed by swiping the row left (touch) or tapping its kebab (any pointer); the action is
   // per-account and irreversible. Only one row is revealed at a time.
   let revealedId = $state<string | null>(null);
+  // A hotseat game's deletion is gated by the host (master) PIN — both active (terminate the game)
+  // and finished; pinTarget holds the game id while its PIN pad is open.
+  let pinTarget = $state<string | null>(null);
   let drag: { id: string; x0: number; y0: number } | null = null;
   // A horizontal swipe must not also count as a tap that opens the game; armed on swipe,
   // consumed by the next tap, and reset on the next pointerdown so a later tap is never eaten.
@@ -196,13 +200,14 @@
     if (e.pointerType === 'mouse') return; // desktop reveals via the kebab, not a swipe
     drag = { id, x0: e.clientX, y0: e.clientY };
   }
-  function onRowUp(e: PointerEvent, finished: boolean): void {
+  function onRowUp(e: PointerEvent, revealable: boolean): void {
     if (!drag) return;
     const dx = e.clientX - drag.x0;
     const dy = e.clientY - drag.y0;
-    // Only a finished row reveals on a horizontal swipe; that swipe then suppresses the tap so it
+    // Only a revealable row (a finished game, or any hotseat game) reveals its delete on a horizontal
-    // does not also open the game. Active rows ignore swipes and stay plain tap-to-open.
+    // swipe; that swipe then suppresses the tap so it does not also open the game. Other active rows
-    if (finished && Math.abs(dx) > 40 && Math.abs(dx) > Math.abs(dy) * 1.4) {
+    // ignore swipes and stay plain tap-to-open.
+    if (revealable && Math.abs(dx) > 40 && Math.abs(dx) > Math.abs(dy) * 1.4) {
       swiped = true;
       revealedId = dx < 0 ? drag.id : null;
     }
@@ -240,6 +245,14 @@
     }
   }
 
+  // startDelete routes the row's delete: a hotseat game (active or finished) is gated behind the host
+  // master PIN (so the last mover cannot instantly wipe the game); any other finished game deletes at
+  // once.
+  function startDelete(g: GameView): void {
+    if (g.hotseat) pinTarget = g.id;
+    else void hide(g.id);
+  }
+
   async function acceptInvite(inv: Invitation) {
     try {
       const r = await gateway.invitationAccept(inv.id);
@@ -315,15 +328,15 @@
           <div class="list">
             {#each group.list as g (g.id)}
               {@const badge = badgeKind(app.chatUnread[g.id] ?? false, app.messageUnread[g.id] ?? false)}
-              <div class="rowwrap" class:revealed={group.finished && revealedId === g.id}>
+              <div class="rowwrap" class:revealed={(group.finished || g.hotseat) && revealedId === g.id}>
-                {#if group.finished}
+                {#if group.finished || g.hotseat}
-                  <button class="del" onclick={() => hide(g.id)} disabled={!connection.online} aria-label={t('lobby.hideGame')}>❌</button>
+                  <button class="del" onclick={() => startDelete(g)} disabled={!isLocalGameId(g.id) && !connection.online} aria-label={t('lobby.hideGame')}>❌</button>
                 {/if}
                 <div class="row">
                   <button
                     class="open"
                     onpointerdown={(e) => onRowDown(e, g.id)}
-                    onpointerup={(e) => onRowUp(e, group.finished)}
+                    onpointerup={(e) => onRowUp(e, group.finished || !!g.hotseat)}
                     onclick={() => openGame(g)}
                   >
                     <span class="info">
@@ -345,7 +358,7 @@
                       <span class="emoji" class:blink={blinkingIds.has(g.id)}>{resultBadge(g, myId).emoji}</span>
                     {/key}
                   </button>
-                  {#if group.finished}
+                  {#if group.finished || g.hotseat}
                     <button class="kebab" onclick={() => toggleReveal(g.id)} aria-label={t('lobby.hideGame')}>⋮</button>
                   {:else}
                     <!-- A visual duplicate of the row's tap target: opens the game on tap, but kept out
@@ -378,6 +391,21 @@
     </Modal>
   {/if}
 
+  <!-- Deleting a hotseat game (active or finished) is gated by the host master PIN. -->
+  {#if pinTarget}
+    <PinPad
+      mode="verify"
+      title={t('hotseat.hostPin')}
+      verify={(p) => localSource.verifyHostPin(pinTarget ?? '', p)}
+      onclose={() => (pinTarget = null)}
+      onresult={() => {
+        const id = pinTarget;
+        pinTarget = null;
+        if (id) void hide(id);
+      }}
+    />
+  {/if}
+
   {#snippet tabbar()}
     <TabBar>
       <button class="tab" disabled={atGameLimit} onclick={() => navigate('/new')}>

ui/src/screens/NewGame.svelte

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 <script lang="ts">
   import { onMount } from 'svelte';
   import Screen from '../components/Screen.svelte';
+  import Modal from '../components/Modal.svelte';
+  import PinPad, { type PinResult } from '../components/PinPad.svelte';
   import { gateway } from '../lib/gateway';
   import { app, handleError, showToast } from '../lib/app.svelte';
   import { connection } from '../lib/connection.svelte';
@@ -9,6 +11,9 @@
   import { newLocalGameId, randomSeed } from '../lib/localgame/id';
   import { navigate } from '../lib/router.svelte';
   import { t, type MessageKey } from '../lib/i18n/index.svelte';
+  import { validDisplayName } from '../lib/profileValidation';
+  import { verifyPin, type PinLock } from '../lib/pin';
+  import { commitName, rosterReady, buildSeats, type RosterRow } from '../lib/roster';
   import type { AccountRef, Variant } from '../lib/model';
   import {
     availableVariants,
@@ -144,13 +149,115 @@
     }
   }
 
+  // --- offline hotseat (pass-and-play) ---
+  // A device-local 2-4 human game. The host (referee) sets a mandatory master PIN first — it gates
+  // the roster and, in-game, the host overrides; each player row optionally locks its seat with a PIN.
+  let hostPin = $state<PinLock | undefined>(undefined);
+  let rows = $state<RosterRow[]>([
+    { name: '', committed: '' },
+    { name: '', committed: '' },
+  ]);
+  let askHostPlays = $state(false); // the "do you take a seat?" prompt shown once the host PIN is set
+
+  // The PIN-pad overlay target: what a completed PIN applies to.
+  type PadTarget =
+    | { kind: 'host-set' }
+    | { kind: 'host-change' }
+    | { kind: 'seat-set'; index: number }
+    | { kind: 'seat-change'; index: number }
+    | { kind: 'row-delete'; index: number };
+  let pad = $state<PadTarget | null>(null);
+
+  const padMode = (p: PadTarget): 'set' | 'verify' | 'change' =>
+    p.kind === 'host-set' || p.kind === 'seat-set' ? 'set' : p.kind === 'row-delete' ? 'verify' : 'change';
+  function padVerify(p: PadTarget): ((pin: string) => Promise<boolean>) | undefined {
+    if (p.kind === 'host-change' || p.kind === 'row-delete') return (pin) => verifyPin(pin, hostPin!);
+    if (p.kind === 'seat-change') return (pin) => verifyPin(pin, rows[p.index].pin!);
+    return undefined; // set flows need no verifier
+  }
+  const padTitle = (p: PadTarget): string =>
+    p.kind === 'host-set' || p.kind === 'host-change' || p.kind === 'row-delete'
+      ? t('hotseat.hostPin')
+      : t('hotseat.setPin');
+
+  function onPad(r: PinResult): void {
+    const target = pad;
+    pad = null;
+    if (!target) return;
+    switch (target.kind) {
+      case 'host-set':
+        if (r.kind === 'set') {
+          hostPin = r.lock;
+          askHostPlays = true;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 'host-change':
+        if (r.kind === 'set') hostPin = r.lock; // the host PIN is mandatory — no remove option
+        break;
+      case 'seat-set':
+        if (r.kind === 'set') rows[target.index].pin = r.lock;
+        break;
+      case 'seat-change':
+        if (r.kind === 'set') rows[target.index].pin = r.lock;
+        else if (r.kind === 'removed') rows[target.index].pin = undefined;
+        break;
+      case 'row-delete':
+        if (r.kind === 'verified') rows = rows.filter((_, j) => j !== target.index);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function setHostPlays(yes: boolean): void {
+    askHostPlays = false;
+    if (!yes) return;
+    // Seat the host at row 0, its name reused from the profile (a normal seat — its optional seat PIN
+    // is separate from the master PIN).
+    const committed = commitName(app.profile?.displayName ?? '', '');
+    rows[0] = { name: committed, committed };
+  }
+
+  function openSeatPin(i: number): void {
+    pad = rows[i].pin ? { kind: 'seat-change', index: i } : { kind: 'seat-set', index: i };
+  }
+
+  async function startHotseat(): Promise<void> {
+    if (starting || !hostPin || !inviteVariant || !rosterReady(rows)) return;
+    starting = true;
+    try {
+      const version = app.profile?.dictVersions?.[inviteVariant];
+      if (!version) {
+        handleError(new Error('dict_unavailable'));
+        return;
+      }
+      const id = newLocalGameId();
+      // Snapshot the roster + PINs to plain objects: the rows/pins are $state proxies, and a proxy
+      // fails structured-clone when the record is persisted to IndexedDB (silently, since the store
+      // is best-effort) — so the game would vanish on reload. See lib/localgame/store.
+      await localSource.create({
+        id,
+        variant: inviteVariant,
+        dictVersion: version,
+        seed: randomSeed(),
+        multipleWords: multipleWordsForRequest(inviteVariant, multipleWords),
+        seats: $state.snapshot(buildSeats(rows)),
+        hotseat: true,
+        hostPin: hostPin ? $state.snapshot(hostPin) : undefined,
+      });
+      navigate(`/game/${id}`);
+    } catch (e) {
+      handleError(e);
+    } finally {
+      starting = false;
+    }
+  }
 </script>
 
 <Screen title={t('new.title')} back="/">
   <div class="page">
-      <!-- Offline mode offers only a local vs_ai game: the friends flow needs the network, so the
+      <!-- The auto/friends selector. Online it is hidden for guests (no friends to invite). Offline
-           auto/friends selector is hidden and the auto (vs_ai) flow shows on its own. -->
+           it is always shown: "quick" is the local vs_ai flow, "with friends" is the local
-      {#if !guest && !offlineMode.active}
+           pass-and-play (hotseat) flow. -->
+      {#if !guest || offlineMode.active}
         <div class="seg modes">
           <button class="opt" class:active={mode === 'auto'} onclick={() => (mode = 'auto')}>{t('new.auto')}</button>
           <button class="opt" class:active={mode === 'friends'} onclick={() => (mode = 'friends')}>{t('new.withFriends')}</button>
@@ -198,6 +305,68 @@
           disabled={!selectedAuto || (!connection.online && !offlineMode.active) || starting}
           onclick={() => selectedAuto && find(selectedAuto)}
         >{t('new.start')}</button>
+      {:else if offlineMode.active}
+        <!-- Offline pass-and-play (hotseat): a device-local 2-4 human game. The host sets a master
+             PIN first (it gates the roster); each seat may add its own PIN. -->
+        <div class="fg">
+          <div class="hostpin">
+            <span class="ftitle">{t('hotseat.hostPin')}</span>
+            <button class="plink" onclick={() => (pad = hostPin ? { kind: 'host-change' } : { kind: 'host-set' })}>
+              {hostPin ? t('hotseat.changePin') : t('hotseat.setPin')}
+            </button>
+          </div>
+          <label class="field">
+            <span>{t('new.gameType')}</span>
+            <select bind:value={inviteVariant} class:placeholder={!inviteVariant} disabled={variants.length === 1}>
+              <option value="" disabled>—</option>
+              {#each variants as v (v.id)}<option value={v.id}>{t(v.label)}</option>{/each}
+            </select>
+          </label>
+          {#if inviteVariant && supportsMultipleWordsToggle(inviteVariant)}
+            <label class="toggle">
+              <span>{t('new.multipleWordsPerTurn')}</span>
+              <input type="checkbox" bind:checked={multipleWords} />
+            </label>
+          {/if}
+          <div class="roster">
+            {#each rows as row, i (i)}
+              <div class="prow">
+                <input
+                  class="pname"
+                  class:invalid={row.name.trim() !== '' && !validDisplayName(row.name)}
+                  bind:value={row.name}
+                  disabled={!hostPin}
+                  placeholder={t('hotseat.playerName')}
+                  maxlength="40"
+                  oninput={() => (row.committed = commitName(row.name, row.committed))}
+                  onblur={() => (row.name = row.committed)}
+                />
+                <button class="plink" disabled={!hostPin || row.committed === ''} onclick={() => openSeatPin(i)}>
+                  {row.pin ? t('hotseat.changePin') : t('hotseat.setPin')}
+                </button>
+                {#if rows.length > 2}
+                  <button
+                    class="pkebab"
+                    disabled={!hostPin}
+                    aria-label={t('hotseat.removePlayer')}
+                    onclick={() => (pad = { kind: 'row-delete', index: i })}
+                  >⋮</button>
+                {/if}
+              </div>
+            {/each}
+          </div>
+          {#if rows.length < 4}
+            <button class="addrow" disabled={!hostPin} onclick={() => (rows = [...rows, { name: '', committed: '' }])}>
+              + {t('hotseat.addPlayer')}
+            </button>
+          {/if}
+          <div class="grow"></div>
+          <button
+            class="invite"
+            disabled={!hostPin || !inviteVariant || !rosterReady(rows) || starting}
+            onclick={startHotseat}
+          >{t('new.start')}</button>
+        </div>
       {:else if friends.length === 0}
         <p class="subtitle">{t('new.noFriends')}</p>
       {:else}
@@ -245,6 +414,25 @@
           <button class="invite" disabled={selected.length === 0 || !inviteVariant || !connection.online} onclick={sendInvite}>{t('new.invite')}</button>
         </div>
       {/if}
+
+      {#if pad}
+        <PinPad
+          mode={padMode(pad)}
+          title={padTitle(pad)}
+          verify={padVerify(pad)}
+          allowRemove={pad.kind === 'seat-change'}
+          onclose={() => (pad = null)}
+          onresult={onPad}
+        />
+      {/if}
+      {#if askHostPlays}
+        <Modal title={t('hotseat.hostPlaysTitle')} onclose={() => (askHostPlays = false)}>
+          <div class="hostplays">
+            <button class="ghost" onclick={() => setHostPlays(false)}>{t('hotseat.hostPlaysNo')}</button>
+            <button class="primary" onclick={() => setHostPlays(true)}>{t('hotseat.hostPlaysYes')}</button>
+          </div>
+        </Modal>
+      {/if}
   </div>
 </Screen>
 
@@ -450,4 +638,93 @@
     font-size: 0.85rem;
     line-height: 1.4;
   }
+  /* --- offline hotseat roster --- */
+  .hostpin {
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: space-between;
+    gap: 8px;
+    padding: 11px;
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
+    background: var(--surface);
+    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  }
+  .roster {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    gap: 8px;
+  }
+  .prow {
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    gap: 8px;
+  }
+  .pname {
+    flex: 1;
+    min-width: 0;
+    padding: 10px 11px;
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
+    background: var(--surface);
+    color: var(--text);
+    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  }
+  .pname:disabled {
+    opacity: 0.5;
+  }
+  .pname.invalid {
+    border-color: var(--danger);
+  }
+  .plink {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    padding: 8px 10px;
+    border: none;
+    background: none;
+    color: var(--accent);
+    font-weight: 600;
+    white-space: nowrap;
+  }
+  .plink:disabled {
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+    opacity: 0.6;
+  }
+  .pkebab {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    padding: 6px 8px;
+    border: none;
+    background: none;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+    font-size: 1.1rem;
+    line-height: 1;
+  }
+  .addrow {
+    align-self: flex-start;
+    padding: 8px 12px;
+    border: 1px dashed var(--border);
+    background: none;
+    color: var(--accent);
+    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+    font-weight: 600;
+  }
+  .addrow:disabled {
+    opacity: 0.5;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+  }
+  .hostplays {
+    display: flex;
+    gap: 10px;
+    justify-content: flex-end;
+  }
+  .hostplays button {
+    padding: 10px 16px;
+    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
+    background: var(--surface);
+    color: var(--text);
+    font-weight: 600;
+  }
+  .hostplays .primary {
+    background: var(--accent);
+    color: var(--accent-text);
+    border-color: var(--accent);
+  }
 </style>