diplomail (Stage E): LibreTranslate client + async translation worker

Synchronous translation on read (Stage D) blocks the HTTP handler on
translator I/O. Stage E switches to "send moments-fast, deliver
when translated": recipients whose preferred_language differs from
the detected body_lang are inserted with available_at=NULL, and an
async worker turns them on once a LibreTranslate call materialises
the cache row (or fails terminally after 5 retries).

Schema delta on diplomail_recipients: available_at,
translation_attempts, next_translation_attempt_at, plus a snapshot
recipient_preferred_language so the worker queries do not need a
join. Read paths (ListInbox, GetMessage, UnreadCount) filter on
available_at IS NOT NULL. Push fan-out is moved from Service to the
worker so the recipient only sees the toast when the inbox row is
actually visible.

Translator backend is now a configurable choice: empty
BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_TRANSLATOR_URL → noop (deliver original);
populated → LibreTranslate HTTP client. Per-attempt timeout, max
attempts, and worker interval all live in DiplomailConfig. The HTTP
client itself is unit-tested via httptest (happy path, BCP47
normalisation, unsupported pair, 5xx, identical src/dst, missing
URL); worker delivery + fallback paths are covered by the
testcontainers-backed e2e tests in diplomail_e2e_test.go.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/README.md

@@ -134,6 +134,10 @@ fast.
 | `BACKEND_NOTIFICATION_MAX_ATTEMPTS`     | no       | `8`                           | Notification route delivery attempts before dead-lettering. |
 | `BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_MAX_BODY_BYTES`      | no       | `4096`                        | Maximum size of `diplomail_messages.body` enforced at send time. Tune at runtime without a migration. |
 | `BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_MAX_SUBJECT_BYTES`   | no       | `256`                         | Maximum size of `diplomail_messages.subject`. Subject is optional; empty is always accepted. |
+| `BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_TRANSLATOR_URL`      | no       | —                             | Base URL of a LibreTranslate-compatible instance (`http://libretranslate:5000`). Empty → translator falls through to no-op (recipients are delivered with the original body). |
+| `BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_TRANSLATOR_TIMEOUT`  | no       | `10s`                         | Per-request HTTP timeout for the translation worker. |
+| `BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_TRANSLATOR_MAX_ATTEMPTS` | no   | `5`                           | Number of failed HTTP attempts before the worker delivers the message with the original body (fallback). |
+| `BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_WORKER_INTERVAL`     | no       | `2s`                          | How often the async translation worker scans for pending pairs. The worker processes one pair per tick. |
 
 If `BACKEND_ADMIN_BOOTSTRAP_USER` is set without
 `BACKEND_ADMIN_BOOTSTRAP_PASSWORD`, `Validate()` fails. If neither is

backend/cmd/backend/main.go

@@ -309,6 +309,10 @@ func run(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	runtimeNotifyPublisher.svc = notifSvc
 
 	diplomailStore := diplomail.NewStore(db)
+	diplomailTranslator, err := buildDiplomailTranslator(cfg.Diplomail, logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("build diplomail translator: %w", err)
+	}
 	diplomailSvc := diplomail.NewService(diplomail.Deps{
 		Store:        diplomailStore,
 		Memberships:  &diplomailMembershipAdapter{lobby: lobbySvc, users: userSvc},
@@ -316,11 +320,12 @@ func run(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 		Entitlements: &diplomailEntitlementAdapter{users: userSvc},
 		Games:        &diplomailGameAdapter{lobby: lobbySvc},
 		Detector:     detector.New(),
-		Translator:   translator.NewNoop(),
+		Translator:   diplomailTranslator,
 		Config:       cfg.Diplomail,
 		Logger:       logger,
 	})
 	lobbyDiplomailPublisher.svc = diplomailSvc
+	diplomailWorker := diplomail.NewWorker(diplomailSvc)
 	if email := cfg.Notification.AdminEmail; email == "" {
 		logger.Info("notification admin email not configured (BACKEND_NOTIFICATION_ADMIN_EMAIL); admin-channel routes will be skipped")
 	} else {
@@ -398,7 +403,7 @@ func run(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	runtimeScheduler := runtimeSvc.SchedulerComponent()
 	runtimeReconciler := runtimeSvc.Reconciler()
 
-	components := []app.Component{httpServer, pushServer, mailWorker, notifWorker, lobbySweeper, runtimeWorkers, runtimeScheduler, runtimeReconciler}
+	components := []app.Component{httpServer, pushServer, mailWorker, notifWorker, diplomailWorker, lobbySweeper, runtimeWorkers, runtimeScheduler, runtimeReconciler}
 	if metricsServer.Enabled() {
 		components = append(components, metricsServer)
 	}
@@ -641,11 +646,12 @@ func (a *diplomailMembershipAdapter) GetActiveMembership(ctx context.Context, ga
 		return diplomail.ActiveMembership{}, err
 	}
 	return diplomail.ActiveMembership{
-		UserID:   userID,
+		UserID:            userID,
-		GameID:   gameID,
+		GameID:            gameID,
-		GameName: game.GameName,
+		GameName:          game.GameName,
-		UserName: account.UserName,
+		UserName:          account.UserName,
-		RaceName: found.RaceName,
+		RaceName:          found.RaceName,
+		PreferredLanguage: account.PreferredLanguage,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -677,12 +683,13 @@ func (a *diplomailMembershipAdapter) GetMembershipAnyStatus(ctx context.Context,
 		return diplomail.MemberSnapshot{}, err
 	}
 	return diplomail.MemberSnapshot{
-		UserID:   userID,
+		UserID:            userID,
-		GameID:   gameID,
+		GameID:            gameID,
-		GameName: game.GameName,
+		GameName:          game.GameName,
-		UserName: account.UserName,
+		UserName:          account.UserName,
-		RaceName: found.RaceName,
+		RaceName:          found.RaceName,
-		Status:   found.Status,
+		Status:            found.Status,
+		PreferredLanguage: account.PreferredLanguage,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -720,12 +727,13 @@ func (a *diplomailMembershipAdapter) ListMembers(ctx context.Context, gameID uui
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolve user_name for %s: %w", m.UserID, err)
 		}
 		out = append(out, diplomail.MemberSnapshot{
-			UserID:   m.UserID,
+			UserID:            m.UserID,
-			GameID:   gameID,
+			GameID:            gameID,
-			GameName: game.GameName,
+			GameName:          game.GameName,
-			UserName: account.UserName,
+			UserName:          account.UserName,
-			RaceName: m.RaceName,
+			RaceName:          m.RaceName,
-			Status:   m.Status,
+			Status:            m.Status,
+			PreferredLanguage: account.PreferredLanguage,
 		})
 	}
 	return out, nil
@@ -754,6 +762,22 @@ func (a *lobbyDiplomailPublisherAdapter) PublishLifecycle(ctx context.Context, e
 	})
 }
 
+// buildDiplomailTranslator selects the diplomail translator backend
+// from configuration: a non-empty `TranslatorURL` constructs the
+// LibreTranslate HTTP client; an empty URL falls through to the
+// noop translator so deployments without a translation service still
+// boot and deliver mail with the fallback path.
+func buildDiplomailTranslator(cfg config.DiplomailConfig, logger *zap.Logger) (translator.Translator, error) {
+	if cfg.TranslatorURL == "" {
+		logger.Info("diplomail translator URL not configured, using noop translator")
+		return translator.NewNoop(), nil
+	}
+	return translator.NewLibreTranslate(translator.LibreTranslateConfig{
+		URL:     cfg.TranslatorURL,
+		Timeout: cfg.TranslatorTimeout,
+	})
+}
+
 // diplomailEntitlementAdapter implements
 // `diplomail.EntitlementReader` by reading the user-service
 // entitlement snapshot. The IsPaid flag mirrors the per-tier policy

backend/internal/config/config.go

@@ -98,6 +98,10 @@ const (
 
 	envDiplomailMaxBodyBytes = "BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_MAX_BODY_BYTES"
 	envDiplomailMaxSubjectBytes = "BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_MAX_SUBJECT_BYTES"
+	envDiplomailTranslatorURL = "BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_TRANSLATOR_URL"
+	envDiplomailTranslatorTimeout = "BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_TRANSLATOR_TIMEOUT"
+	envDiplomailTranslatorMaxAttempts = "BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_TRANSLATOR_MAX_ATTEMPTS"
+	envDiplomailWorkerInterval = "BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_WORKER_INTERVAL"
 
 	envDevSandboxEmail = "BACKEND_DEV_SANDBOX_EMAIL"
 	envDevSandboxEngineImage = "BACKEND_DEV_SANDBOX_ENGINE_IMAGE"
@@ -168,6 +172,9 @@ const (
 
 	defaultDiplomailMaxBodyBytes = 4096
 	defaultDiplomailMaxSubjectBytes = 256
+	defaultDiplomailTranslatorTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+	defaultDiplomailTranslatorMaxAttempts = 5
+	defaultDiplomailWorkerInterval = 2 * time.Second
 
 	defaultDevSandboxEngineVersion = "0.1.0"
 	defaultDevSandboxPlayerCount = 20
@@ -418,6 +425,26 @@ type DiplomailConfig struct {
 	// in bytes. Subjects are optional; the empty-string default
 	// passes the limit trivially.
 	MaxSubjectBytes int
+
+	// TranslatorURL is the base URL of the LibreTranslate-compatible
+	// instance the async translation worker calls. When empty, the
+	// worker still runs but falls through to "deliver original"
+	// (the noop translator returns engine=noop).
+	TranslatorURL string
+
+	// TranslatorTimeout bounds a single HTTP request to the
+	// translator. Worker retries (exponential backoff up to
+	// TranslatorMaxAttempts) layer on top.
+	TranslatorTimeout time.Duration
+
+	// TranslatorMaxAttempts is the number of times the worker tries
+	// to translate one (message, target_lang) pair before falling
+	// back to delivering the original body.
+	TranslatorMaxAttempts int
+
+	// WorkerInterval bounds how often the async translation worker
+	// scans for pending pairs. The worker handles one pair per tick.
+	WorkerInterval time.Duration
 }
 
 // NotificationConfig configures the notification fan-out module
@@ -520,6 +547,9 @@ func DefaultConfig() Config {
 		Diplomail: DiplomailConfig{
 			MaxBodyBytes: defaultDiplomailMaxBodyBytes,
 			MaxSubjectBytes: defaultDiplomailMaxSubjectBytes,
+			TranslatorTimeout: defaultDiplomailTranslatorTimeout,
+			TranslatorMaxAttempts: defaultDiplomailTranslatorMaxAttempts,
+			WorkerInterval: defaultDiplomailWorkerInterval,
 		},
 		DevSandbox: DevSandboxConfig{
 			EngineVersion: defaultDevSandboxEngineVersion,
@@ -690,6 +720,16 @@ func LoadFromEnv() (Config, error) {
 	if cfg.Diplomail.MaxSubjectBytes, err = loadInt(envDiplomailMaxSubjectBytes, cfg.Diplomail.MaxSubjectBytes); err != nil {
 		return Config{}, err
 	}
+	cfg.Diplomail.TranslatorURL = loadString(envDiplomailTranslatorURL, cfg.Diplomail.TranslatorURL)
+	if cfg.Diplomail.TranslatorTimeout, err = loadDuration(envDiplomailTranslatorTimeout, cfg.Diplomail.TranslatorTimeout); err != nil {
+		return Config{}, err
+	}
+	if cfg.Diplomail.TranslatorMaxAttempts, err = loadInt(envDiplomailTranslatorMaxAttempts, cfg.Diplomail.TranslatorMaxAttempts); err != nil {
+		return Config{}, err
+	}
+	if cfg.Diplomail.WorkerInterval, err = loadDuration(envDiplomailWorkerInterval, cfg.Diplomail.WorkerInterval); err != nil {
+		return Config{}, err
+	}
 
 	cfg.DevSandbox.Email = strings.TrimSpace(loadString(envDevSandboxEmail, cfg.DevSandbox.Email))
 	cfg.DevSandbox.EngineImage = strings.TrimSpace(loadString(envDevSandboxEngineImage, cfg.DevSandbox.EngineImage))
@@ -894,6 +934,15 @@ func (c Config) Validate() error {
 	if c.Diplomail.MaxSubjectBytes < 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s must not be negative", envDiplomailMaxSubjectBytes)
 	}
+	if c.Diplomail.TranslatorTimeout <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s must be positive", envDiplomailTranslatorTimeout)
+	}
+	if c.Diplomail.TranslatorMaxAttempts <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s must be positive", envDiplomailTranslatorMaxAttempts)
+	}
+	if c.Diplomail.WorkerInterval <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s must be positive", envDiplomailWorkerInterval)
+	}
 	if email := strings.TrimSpace(c.Notification.AdminEmail); email != "" {
 		if _, err := netmail.ParseAddress(email); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s must be a valid RFC 5322 address: %w", envNotificationAdminEmail, err)

backend/internal/diplomail/README.md

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ purge, and the language-detection / translation cache.
 | B | Owner / admin sends + lifecycle hooks (paused, cancelled, kick); strict soft-access for kicked players | shipped |
 | C | Paid-tier personal broadcast + admin multi-game broadcast + bulk purge + admin observability | shipped |
 | D | Body-language detection (whatlanggo) + translation cache + lazy per-read translator dispatch | shipped |
+| E | LibreTranslate HTTP client + async translation worker with exponential backoff + delivery gating on translation completion | shipped |
 
 ## Tables
 
@@ -94,6 +95,47 @@ Future work plugs a real `translator.Translator` (LibreTranslate
 HTTP client is the documented next step) without touching the rest
 of the system.
 
+## Async translation (Stage E)
+
+Stage E switches the translation pipeline from "lazy at read" to
+"async at send". The send path stays synchronous from the
+caller's perspective: the message and recipient rows are inserted
+in one transaction. What changes is delivery semantics:
+
+- Recipients whose `preferred_language` matches the detected
+  `body_lang` (or whose body language is `und`) get
+  `available_at = now()` straight away and the push event fires
+  during the request.
+- Recipients whose `preferred_language` differs are inserted with
+  `available_at IS NULL`. They are **not** visible in inbox, unread
+  count, or push events until the worker translates the message.
+
+The worker (`internal/diplomail.Worker`, started as an
+`app.Component` in `cmd/backend/main`) ticks once every
+`BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_WORKER_INTERVAL` (default `2s`). Each tick:
+
+1. Picks one distinct `(message_id, recipient_preferred_language)`
+   pair from `diplomail_recipients` where `available_at IS NULL`
+   and `next_translation_attempt_at` is unset or due.
+2. Loads the source message, checks the translation cache.
+3. On cache hit → marks every pending recipient of the pair
+   delivered and emits push.
+4. On cache miss → asks the configured `Translator`:
+   - success → caches the translation, marks delivered, push;
+   - HTTP 400 (unsupported pair) → marks delivered without a
+     translation (fallback to original);
+   - other failure → bumps `translation_attempts`, schedules the
+     retry via `next_translation_attempt_at`, leaves pending.
+5. After `BACKEND_DIPLOMAIL_TRANSLATOR_MAX_ATTEMPTS` (default `5`)
+   the worker falls back to delivering the original body so a
+   prolonged LibreTranslate outage does not strand messages.
+
+Retry backoff is exponential `1s → 2s → 4s → 8s → 16s` (capped at
+60s) per pair. Operators monitor the LibreTranslate dependency
+through standard OpenTelemetry export — translation outcomes
+surface in `diplomail.worker` logs at Info / Warn levels;
+Grafana / Prometheus dashboards live outside this package.
+
 ## Push integration
 
 Every successful send emits a `diplomail.message.received` push

backend/internal/diplomail/admin_send.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ func (s *Service) SendAdminPersonal(ctx context.Context, in SendAdminPersonalInp
 	if err != nil {
 		return Message{}, Recipient{}, err
 	}
-	rcptInsert := buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, recipient)
+	rcptInsert := buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, recipient, msgInsert.BodyLang, s.nowUTC())
 
 	msg, recipients, err := s.deps.Store.InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx, msgInsert, []RecipientInsert{rcptInsert})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ func (s *Service) SendAdminPersonal(ctx context.Context, in SendAdminPersonalInp
 		return Message{}, Recipient{}, fmt.Errorf("diplomail: send admin personal: unexpected recipient count %d", len(recipients))
 	}
 
-	s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, recipients[0])
+	if recipients[0].AvailableAt != nil { s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, recipients[0]) }
 	return msg, recipients[0], nil
 }
 
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ func (s *Service) SendAdminBroadcast(ctx context.Context, in SendAdminBroadcastI
 	}
 	rcptInserts := make([]RecipientInsert, 0, len(members))
 	for _, m := range members {
-		rcptInserts = append(rcptInserts, buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, m))
+		rcptInserts = append(rcptInserts, buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, m, msgInsert.BodyLang, s.nowUTC()))
 	}
 
 	msg, recipients, err := s.deps.Store.InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx, msgInsert, rcptInserts)
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ func (s *Service) SendAdminBroadcast(ctx context.Context, in SendAdminBroadcastI
 		return Message{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("diplomail: send admin broadcast: %w", err)
 	}
 	for _, r := range recipients {
-		s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r)
+		if r.AvailableAt != nil { s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r) }
 	}
 	return msg, recipients, nil
 }
@@ -162,14 +163,14 @@ func (s *Service) SendPlayerBroadcast(ctx context.Context, in SendPlayerBroadcas
 	}
 	rcptInserts := make([]RecipientInsert, 0, len(members))
 	for _, m := range members {
-		rcptInserts = append(rcptInserts, buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, m))
+		rcptInserts = append(rcptInserts, buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, m, msgInsert.BodyLang, s.nowUTC()))
 	}
 	msg, recipients, err := s.deps.Store.InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx, msgInsert, rcptInserts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return Message{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("diplomail: send player broadcast: %w", err)
 	}
 	for _, r := range recipients {
-		s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r)
+		if r.AvailableAt != nil { s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r) }
 	}
 	return msg, recipients, nil
 }
@@ -223,14 +224,14 @@ func (s *Service) SendAdminMultiGameBroadcast(ctx context.Context, in SendMultiG
 		}
 		rcptInserts := make([]RecipientInsert, 0, len(members))
 		for _, m := range members {
-			rcptInserts = append(rcptInserts, buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, m))
+			rcptInserts = append(rcptInserts, buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, m, msgInsert.BodyLang, s.nowUTC()))
 		}
 		msg, recipients, err := s.deps.Store.InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx, msgInsert, rcptInserts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("diplomail: insert multi-game broadcast for %s: %w", game.GameID, err)
 		}
 		for _, r := range recipients {
-			s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r)
+			if r.AvailableAt != nil { s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r) }
 		}
 		out = append(out, msg)
 		totalRecipients += len(recipients)
@@ -362,14 +363,14 @@ func (s *Service) publishGameLifecycle(ctx context.Context, ev LifecycleEvent) e
 	}
 	rcptInserts := make([]RecipientInsert, 0, len(members))
 	for _, m := range members {
-		rcptInserts = append(rcptInserts, buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, m))
+		rcptInserts = append(rcptInserts, buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, m, msgInsert.BodyLang, s.nowUTC()))
 	}
 	msg, recipients, err := s.deps.Store.InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx, msgInsert, rcptInserts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("diplomail lifecycle: insert %s system mail: %w", ev.Kind, err)
 	}
 	for _, r := range recipients {
-		s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r)
+		if r.AvailableAt != nil { s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r) }
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -389,12 +390,12 @@ func (s *Service) publishMembershipLifecycle(ctx context.Context, ev LifecycleEv
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	rcptInsert := buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, target)
+	rcptInsert := buildRecipientInsert(msgInsert.MessageID, target, msgInsert.BodyLang, s.nowUTC())
 	msg, recipients, err := s.deps.Store.InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx, msgInsert, []RecipientInsert{rcptInsert})
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("diplomail lifecycle: insert %s system mail: %w", ev.Kind, err)
 	}
-	if len(recipients) == 1 {
+	if len(recipients) == 1 && recipients[0].AvailableAt != nil {
 		s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, recipients[0])
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -457,21 +458,68 @@ func (s *Service) buildAdminMessageInsert(callerKind string, callerUserID *uuid.
 // buildRecipientInsert turns a MemberSnapshot into a RecipientInsert.
 // The race-name snapshot is nullable so a kicked player with no race
 // name on file is still addressable.
-func buildRecipientInsert(messageID uuid.UUID, m MemberSnapshot) RecipientInsert {
+//
+// `bodyLang` is the detected language of the message body. When the
+// recipient's preferred_language matches body_lang (or body_lang is
+// undetermined), the function fills AvailableAt with `now` so the
+// recipient row is materialised already-delivered; otherwise
+// AvailableAt stays nil and the translation worker takes over.
+func buildRecipientInsert(messageID uuid.UUID, m MemberSnapshot, bodyLang string, now time.Time) RecipientInsert {
 	in := RecipientInsert{
-		RecipientID:       uuid.New(),
+		RecipientID:                uuid.New(),
-		MessageID:         messageID,
+		MessageID:                  messageID,
-		GameID:            m.GameID,
+		GameID:                     m.GameID,
-		UserID:            m.UserID,
+		UserID:                     m.UserID,
-		RecipientUserName: m.UserName,
+		RecipientUserName:          m.UserName,
+		RecipientPreferredLanguage: normaliseLang(m.PreferredLanguage),
 	}
 	if m.RaceName != "" {
 		race := m.RaceName
 		in.RecipientRaceName = &race
 	}
+	if needsTranslation(bodyLang, in.RecipientPreferredLanguage) {
+		// AvailableAt left nil → worker will deliver after the
+		// translation cache is materialised (or after fallback).
+	} else {
+		t := now.UTC()
+		in.AvailableAt = &t
+	}
 	return in
 }
 
+// needsTranslation reports whether a recipient with preferredLang
+// needs to wait for a translated rendering before the message is
+// considered delivered. Undetermined body language and empty
+// recipient preferences are short-circuited to "no translation
+// needed" so we never block delivery on something the detector
+// could not label.
+func needsTranslation(bodyLang, preferredLang string) bool {
+	bodyLang = normaliseLang(bodyLang)
+	preferredLang = normaliseLang(preferredLang)
+	if bodyLang == "" || bodyLang == LangUndetermined {
+		return false
+	}
+	if preferredLang == "" || preferredLang == LangUndetermined {
+		return false
+	}
+	return bodyLang != preferredLang
+}
+
+// normaliseLang strips any region subtag and lowercases the result so
+// `en-US` and `EN` both collapse to `en`. The diplomail layer uses
+// ISO 639-1 codes; whatlanggo and LibreTranslate share that
+// vocabulary.
+func normaliseLang(tag string) string {
+	tag = strings.TrimSpace(tag)
+	if tag == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if i := strings.IndexAny(tag, "-_"); i > 0 {
+		tag = tag[:i]
+	}
+	return strings.ToLower(tag)
+}
+
 func validateCaller(callerKind string, callerUserID *uuid.UUID, callerUsername string) error {
 	switch callerKind {
 	case CallerKindOwner:

backend/internal/diplomail/deps.go

@@ -77,14 +77,15 @@ type GameSnapshot struct {
 // ActiveMembership is the slim view of a single (user, game) roster
 // row the diplomail package needs at send time: it confirms the
 // participant is active in the game and captures the snapshot fields
-// (`game_name`, `user_name`, `race_name`) that we persist on each new
+// (`game_name`, `user_name`, `race_name`, `preferred_language`) that
-// message / recipient row.
+// we persist on each new message / recipient row.
 type ActiveMembership struct {
-	UserID   uuid.UUID
+	UserID            uuid.UUID
-	GameID   uuid.UUID
+	GameID            uuid.UUID
-	GameName string
+	GameName          string
-	UserName string
+	UserName          string
-	RaceName string
+	RaceName          string
+	PreferredLanguage string
 }
 
 // MembershipLookup is the read-only surface diplomail uses to verify
@@ -123,14 +124,17 @@ const (
 // MemberSnapshot is the slim view of a membership row that survives
 // all three status values. RaceName is the immutable string captured
 // at registration time; an empty value is legal for rare cases where
-// the row was inserted without one.
+// the row was inserted without one. PreferredLanguage is included so
+// the broadcast and lifecycle paths can decide whether the recipient
+// needs to wait for a translation before delivery.
 type MemberSnapshot struct {
-	UserID   uuid.UUID
+	UserID            uuid.UUID
-	GameID   uuid.UUID
+	GameID            uuid.UUID
-	GameName string
+	GameName          string
-	UserName string
+	UserName          string
-	RaceName string
+	RaceName          string
-	Status   string
+	PreferredLanguage string
+	Status            string
 }
 
 // NotificationPublisher is the outbound surface diplomail uses to

backend/internal/diplomail/diplomail_e2e_test.go

@@ -808,6 +808,176 @@ func TestDiplomailLifecycleMembershipKick(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestDiplomailAsyncTranslationDelivery covers the Stage E flow:
+//  1. SendPersonal where recipient.preferred_language != body_lang
+//     materialises a recipient with `AvailableAt == nil`; the inbox
+//     is empty until the worker runs.
+//  2. After one Worker.Tick(), the translation cache row exists,
+//     `AvailableAt` is populated, and the push event fires.
+//  3. The inbox now surfaces the message together with the cached
+//     translation under `Translation`.
+func TestDiplomailAsyncTranslationDelivery(t *testing.T) {
+	db := startPostgres(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	gameID := uuid.New()
+	sender := uuid.New()
+	recipient := uuid.New()
+	seedAccount(t, db, sender)
+	seedAccount(t, db, recipient)
+	seedGame(t, db, gameID, "Async Translation Game")
+
+	lookup := &staticMembershipLookup{
+		rows: map[[2]uuid.UUID]diplomail.ActiveMembership{
+			{gameID, sender}: {
+				UserID: sender, GameID: gameID, GameName: "Async Translation Game",
+				UserName: "sender", RaceName: "SenderRace",
+				PreferredLanguage: "en",
+			},
+			{gameID, recipient}: {
+				UserID: recipient, GameID: gameID, GameName: "Async Translation Game",
+				UserName: "recipient", RaceName: "RecipientRace",
+				PreferredLanguage: "ru",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	publisher := &recordingPublisher{}
+	stub := &staticTranslator{engine: translator.LibreTranslateEngine}
+	svc := diplomail.NewService(diplomail.Deps{
+		Store:        diplomail.NewStore(db),
+		Memberships:  lookup,
+		Notification: publisher,
+		Detector:     detectorFn(func(_ string) string { return "en" }),
+		Translator:   stub,
+		Config: config.DiplomailConfig{
+			MaxBodyBytes:          4096,
+			MaxSubjectBytes:       256,
+			TranslatorMaxAttempts: 5,
+			WorkerInterval:        time.Second,
+		},
+	})
+
+	msg, rcpt, err := svc.SendPersonal(ctx, diplomail.SendPersonalInput{
+		GameID:          gameID,
+		SenderUserID:    sender,
+		RecipientUserID: recipient,
+		Subject:         "Hello",
+		Body:            "Trade proposal.",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("send: %v", err)
+	}
+	if rcpt.AvailableAt != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("recipient marked available_at on send: %v (want NULL — pending translation)", rcpt.AvailableAt)
+	}
+	if got := publisher.snapshot(); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("push fired before worker delivered: %d events", len(got))
+	}
+	inbox, err := svc.ListInbox(ctx, gameID, recipient, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("inbox before worker: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(inbox) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("inbox before worker = %d, want empty", len(inbox))
+	}
+
+	worker := diplomail.NewWorker(svc)
+	if err := worker.Tick(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("worker tick: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if got := publisher.snapshot(); len(got) != 1 || got[0].Recipient != recipient {
+		t.Fatalf("publisher after tick = %+v", got)
+	}
+	inboxAfter, err := svc.ListInbox(ctx, gameID, recipient, "ru")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("inbox after worker: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(inboxAfter) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("inbox after worker = %d, want 1", len(inboxAfter))
+	}
+	if inboxAfter[0].Translation == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("translation missing on inbox entry")
+	}
+	if inboxAfter[0].Translation.TranslatedBody != "[ru] Trade proposal." {
+		t.Fatalf("translated body = %q", inboxAfter[0].Translation.TranslatedBody)
+	}
+	_ = msg
+}
+
+// TestDiplomailAsyncFallbackOnUnsupportedPair covers the terminal
+// "translation unavailable" path: the translator returns
+// ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair, so the worker delivers the recipient
+// with no cached translation. The user sees the original body.
+func TestDiplomailAsyncFallbackOnUnsupportedPair(t *testing.T) {
+	db := startPostgres(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	gameID := uuid.New()
+	sender := uuid.New()
+	recipient := uuid.New()
+	seedAccount(t, db, sender)
+	seedAccount(t, db, recipient)
+	seedGame(t, db, gameID, "Unsupported Pair Game")
+
+	lookup := &staticMembershipLookup{
+		rows: map[[2]uuid.UUID]diplomail.ActiveMembership{
+			{gameID, sender}: {
+				UserID: sender, GameID: gameID, GameName: "Unsupported Pair Game",
+				UserName: "sender", PreferredLanguage: "en",
+			},
+			{gameID, recipient}: {
+				UserID: recipient, GameID: gameID, GameName: "Unsupported Pair Game",
+				UserName: "recipient", PreferredLanguage: "xx",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	publisher := &recordingPublisher{}
+	svc := diplomail.NewService(diplomail.Deps{
+		Store:        diplomail.NewStore(db),
+		Memberships:  lookup,
+		Notification: publisher,
+		Detector:     detectorFn(func(_ string) string { return "en" }),
+		Translator:   &erroringTranslator{err: translator.ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair},
+		Config: config.DiplomailConfig{
+			MaxBodyBytes:          4096,
+			MaxSubjectBytes:       256,
+			TranslatorMaxAttempts: 5,
+		},
+	})
+
+	if _, _, err := svc.SendPersonal(ctx, diplomail.SendPersonalInput{
+		GameID:          gameID,
+		SenderUserID:    sender,
+		RecipientUserID: recipient,
+		Body:            "Hello there.",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("send: %v", err)
+	}
+	worker := diplomail.NewWorker(svc)
+	if err := worker.Tick(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("worker tick: %v", err)
+	}
+	inbox, err := svc.ListInbox(ctx, gameID, recipient, "xx")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("inbox: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(inbox) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("inbox after fallback = %d, want 1", len(inbox))
+	}
+	if inbox[0].Translation != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("translation should be nil after fallback, got %+v", inbox[0].Translation)
+	}
+}
+
+type erroringTranslator struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (e *erroringTranslator) Translate(_ context.Context, _, _, _, _ string) (translator.Result, error) {
+	return translator.Result{}, e.err
+}
+
 // staticTranslator returns deterministic renderings so the
 // translation-cache test can assert against known output.
 type staticTranslator struct {

backend/internal/diplomail/service.go

@@ -72,18 +72,20 @@ func (s *Service) SendPersonal(ctx context.Context, in SendPersonalInput) (Messa
 		BroadcastScope: BroadcastScopeSingle,
 	}
 	raceName := recipient.RaceName
-	var raceNamePtr *string
+	rcptInsert := buildRecipientInsert(
-	if raceName != "" {
+		msgInsert.MessageID,
-		raceNamePtr = &raceName
+		MemberSnapshot{
-	}
+			UserID:            in.RecipientUserID,
-	rcptInsert := RecipientInsert{
+			GameID:            in.GameID,
-		RecipientID:       uuid.New(),
+			GameName:          recipient.GameName,
-		MessageID:         msgInsert.MessageID,
+			UserName:          recipient.UserName,
-		GameID:            in.GameID,
+			RaceName:          raceName,
-		UserID:            in.RecipientUserID,
+			PreferredLanguage: recipient.PreferredLanguage,
-		RecipientUserName: recipient.UserName,
+			Status:            "active",
-		RecipientRaceName: raceNamePtr,
+		},
-	}
+		msgInsert.BodyLang,
+		s.nowUTC(),
+	)
 
 	msg, recipients, err := s.deps.Store.InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx, msgInsert, []RecipientInsert{rcptInsert})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -93,7 +95,9 @@ func (s *Service) SendPersonal(ctx context.Context, in SendPersonalInput) (Messa
 		return Message{}, Recipient{}, fmt.Errorf("diplomail: send personal: unexpected recipient count %d", len(recipients))
 	}
 
-	s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, recipients[0])
+	if recipients[0].AvailableAt != nil {
+		s.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, recipients[0])
+	}
 	return msg, recipients[0], nil
 }
 

backend/internal/diplomail/store.go

@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ func recipientColumns() postgres.ColumnList {
 	r := table.DiplomailRecipients
 	return postgres.ColumnList{
 		r.RecipientID, r.MessageID, r.GameID, r.UserID,
-		r.RecipientUserName, r.RecipientRaceName,
+		r.RecipientUserName, r.RecipientRaceName, r.RecipientPreferredLanguage,
+		r.AvailableAt, r.TranslationAttempts, r.NextTranslationAttemptAt,
 		r.DeliveredAt, r.ReadAt, r.DeletedAt, r.NotifiedAt,
 	}
 }
@@ -65,14 +66,20 @@ type MessageInsert struct {
 	BroadcastScope string
 }
 
-// RecipientInsert carries the per-recipient snapshot.
+// RecipientInsert carries the per-recipient snapshot. AvailableAt
+// captures the async-delivery contract: when non-nil, the recipient
+// row is materialised already-delivered (no translation needed or
+// the language matches); when nil, the recipient is queued for the
+// translation worker.
 type RecipientInsert struct {
-	RecipientID       uuid.UUID
+	RecipientID                uuid.UUID
-	MessageID         uuid.UUID
+	MessageID                  uuid.UUID
-	GameID            uuid.UUID
+	GameID                     uuid.UUID
-	UserID            uuid.UUID
+	UserID                     uuid.UUID
-	RecipientUserName string
+	RecipientUserName          string
-	RecipientRaceName *string
+	RecipientRaceName          *string
+	RecipientPreferredLanguage string
+	AvailableAt                *time.Time
 }
 
 // InsertMessageWithRecipients persists a Message together with one or
@@ -120,6 +127,7 @@ func (s *Store) InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx context.Context, msg MessageInse
 	rcptStmt := r.INSERT(
 		r.RecipientID, r.MessageID, r.GameID, r.UserID,
 		r.RecipientUserName, r.RecipientRaceName,
+		r.RecipientPreferredLanguage, r.AvailableAt,
 	)
 	for _, in := range recipients {
 		rcptStmt = rcptStmt.VALUES(
@@ -129,6 +137,8 @@ func (s *Store) InsertMessageWithRecipients(ctx context.Context, msg MessageInse
 			in.UserID,
 			in.RecipientUserName,
 			stringPtrArg(in.RecipientRaceName),
+			in.RecipientPreferredLanguage,
+			timePtrArg(in.AvailableAt),
 		)
 	}
 	rcptStmt = rcptStmt.RETURNING(recipientColumns())
@@ -198,7 +208,9 @@ func (s *Store) LoadInboxEntry(ctx context.Context, messageID, userID uuid.UUID)
 
 // ListInbox returns the recipient view of messages addressed to
 // userID in gameID, newest first. Soft-deleted rows
-// (`deleted_at IS NOT NULL`) are excluded.
+// (`deleted_at IS NOT NULL`) are excluded. Rows still waiting for
+// the async translation worker (`available_at IS NULL`) are also
+// excluded — they will appear once delivery is complete.
 func (s *Store) ListInbox(ctx context.Context, gameID, userID uuid.UUID) ([]InboxEntry, error) {
 	m := table.DiplomailMessages
 	r := table.DiplomailRecipients
@@ -208,7 +220,8 @@ func (s *Store) ListInbox(ctx context.Context, gameID, userID uuid.UUID) ([]Inbo
 		WHERE(
 			r.UserID.EQ(postgres.UUID(userID)).
 				AND(r.GameID.EQ(postgres.UUID(gameID))).
-				AND(r.DeletedAt.IS_NULL()),
+				AND(r.DeletedAt.IS_NULL()).
+				AND(r.AvailableAt.IS_NOT_NULL()),
 		).
 		ORDER_BY(m.CreatedAt.DESC(), m.MessageID.DESC())
 	var dest []struct {
@@ -336,9 +349,10 @@ func (s *Store) LoadRecipient(ctx context.Context, messageID, userID uuid.UUID)
 	return recipientFromModel(row), nil
 }
 
-// UnreadCountForUserGame returns the count of unread, non-deleted
+// UnreadCountForUserGame returns the count of unread, non-deleted,
-// messages addressed to userID in gameID. Backs the push payload
+// delivered messages addressed to userID in gameID. Recipients
-// `unread_game` field.
+// still waiting for translation (`available_at IS NULL`) are
+// excluded so the badge does not flicker.
 func (s *Store) UnreadCountForUserGame(ctx context.Context, gameID, userID uuid.UUID) (int, error) {
 	r := table.DiplomailRecipients
 	stmt := postgres.SELECT(postgres.COUNT(postgres.STAR).AS("count")).
@@ -347,7 +361,8 @@ func (s *Store) UnreadCountForUserGame(ctx context.Context, gameID, userID uuid.
 			r.UserID.EQ(postgres.UUID(userID)).
 				AND(r.GameID.EQ(postgres.UUID(gameID))).
 				AND(r.ReadAt.IS_NULL()).
-				AND(r.DeletedAt.IS_NULL()),
+				AND(r.DeletedAt.IS_NULL()).
+				AND(r.AvailableAt.IS_NOT_NULL()),
 		)
 	var dest struct {
 		Count int64 `alias:"count"`
@@ -358,6 +373,149 @@ func (s *Store) UnreadCountForUserGame(ctx context.Context, gameID, userID uuid.
 	return int(dest.Count), nil
 }
 
+// PendingTranslationPair carries one unit of work picked by the
+// translation worker. Multiple recipients of the same message that
+// share a preferred_language collapse into one pair, because the
+// translation is shared via the diplomail_translations cache.
+// CurrentAttempts is the highest `translation_attempts` value across
+// the matching recipient rows, so the worker can decide whether the
+// next attempt is the last one before falling back.
+type PendingTranslationPair struct {
+	MessageID       uuid.UUID
+	TargetLang      string
+	CurrentAttempts int32
+}
+
+// PickPendingTranslationPair returns one pair eligible for the
+// translation worker, or `ok == false` when the queue is empty. The
+// pair is the (message, target_lang) of any recipient where
+// `available_at IS NULL` and `next_translation_attempt_at` is either
+// unset or already due. The query intentionally drops the
+// `FOR UPDATE` clause — the worker is single-threaded per process,
+// and the optimistic UPDATE in `MarkPairDelivered` /
+// `MarkPairFallback` filters by `available_at IS NULL`, so a stale
+// pickup never delivers twice.
+func (s *Store) PickPendingTranslationPair(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) (PendingTranslationPair, bool, error) {
+	r := table.DiplomailRecipients
+	stmt := postgres.SELECT(
+		r.MessageID.AS("message_id"),
+		r.RecipientPreferredLanguage.AS("target_lang"),
+		postgres.MAX(r.TranslationAttempts).AS("attempts"),
+	).
+		FROM(r).
+		WHERE(
+			r.AvailableAt.IS_NULL().
+				AND(r.RecipientPreferredLanguage.NOT_EQ(postgres.String(""))).
+				AND(r.NextTranslationAttemptAt.IS_NULL().
+					OR(r.NextTranslationAttemptAt.LT_EQ(postgres.TimestampzT(now.UTC())))),
+		).
+		GROUP_BY(r.MessageID, r.RecipientPreferredLanguage).
+		ORDER_BY(r.MessageID.ASC(), r.RecipientPreferredLanguage.ASC()).
+		LIMIT(1)
+	var dest struct {
+		MessageID  uuid.UUID `alias:"message_id"`
+		TargetLang string    `alias:"target_lang"`
+		Attempts   int32     `alias:"attempts"`
+	}
+	if err := stmt.QueryContext(ctx, s.db, &dest); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, qrm.ErrNoRows) {
+			return PendingTranslationPair{}, false, nil
+		}
+		return PendingTranslationPair{}, false, fmt.Errorf("diplomail store: pick pending pair: %w", err)
+	}
+	if dest.MessageID == (uuid.UUID{}) {
+		return PendingTranslationPair{}, false, nil
+	}
+	return PendingTranslationPair{
+		MessageID:       dest.MessageID,
+		TargetLang:      dest.TargetLang,
+		CurrentAttempts: dest.Attempts,
+	}, true, nil
+}
+
+// MarkPairDelivered flips every still-pending recipient of (messageID,
+// targetLang) to `available_at = at`, optionally persisting the
+// translation row alongside in the same transaction. Returns the
+// recipients that were just delivered (used by the worker to fan out
+// push events).
+func (s *Store) MarkPairDelivered(ctx context.Context, messageID uuid.UUID, targetLang string, translation *Translation, at time.Time) ([]Recipient, error) {
+	tx, err := s.db.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("diplomail store: begin deliver tx: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = tx.Rollback() }()
+
+	if translation != nil {
+		t := table.DiplomailTranslations
+		ins := t.INSERT(
+			t.TranslationID, t.MessageID, t.TargetLang,
+			t.TranslatedSubject, t.TranslatedBody, t.Translator,
+		).VALUES(
+			translation.TranslationID, translation.MessageID, translation.TargetLang,
+			translation.TranslatedSubject, translation.TranslatedBody, translation.Translator,
+		).ON_CONFLICT(t.MessageID, t.TargetLang).DO_NOTHING()
+		if _, err := ins.ExecContext(ctx, tx); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("diplomail store: upsert translation: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	r := table.DiplomailRecipients
+	upd := r.UPDATE(r.AvailableAt, r.NextTranslationAttemptAt).
+		SET(postgres.TimestampzT(at.UTC()), postgres.NULL).
+		WHERE(
+			r.MessageID.EQ(postgres.UUID(messageID)).
+				AND(r.RecipientPreferredLanguage.EQ(postgres.String(targetLang))).
+				AND(r.AvailableAt.IS_NULL()),
+		).
+		RETURNING(recipientColumns())
+
+	var rows []model.DiplomailRecipients
+	if err := upd.QueryContext(ctx, tx, &rows); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("diplomail store: mark pair delivered: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("diplomail store: commit deliver: %w", err)
+	}
+	out := make([]Recipient, 0, len(rows))
+	for _, row := range rows {
+		out = append(out, recipientFromModel(row))
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// SchedulePairRetry bumps the attempt counter and schedules the next
+// translation attempt for `next`. The recipient rows stay in the
+// pending queue (`available_at IS NULL`). Returns the new attempt
+// counter so the worker can decide whether to fall back to the
+// original on the next pickup.
+func (s *Store) SchedulePairRetry(ctx context.Context, messageID uuid.UUID, targetLang string, next time.Time) (int32, error) {
+	r := table.DiplomailRecipients
+	upd := r.UPDATE(r.TranslationAttempts, r.NextTranslationAttemptAt).
+		SET(r.TranslationAttempts.ADD(postgres.Int(1)), postgres.TimestampzT(next.UTC())).
+		WHERE(
+			r.MessageID.EQ(postgres.UUID(messageID)).
+				AND(r.RecipientPreferredLanguage.EQ(postgres.String(targetLang))).
+				AND(r.AvailableAt.IS_NULL()),
+		).
+		RETURNING(r.TranslationAttempts)
+	var dest []struct {
+		TranslationAttempts int32 `alias:"diplomail_recipients.translation_attempts"`
+	}
+	if err := upd.QueryContext(ctx, s.db, &dest); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("diplomail store: schedule pair retry: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(dest) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	max := dest[0].TranslationAttempts
+	for _, d := range dest[1:] {
+		if d.TranslationAttempts > max {
+			max = d.TranslationAttempts
+		}
+	}
+	return max, nil
+}
+
 // translationColumns is the canonical projection for
 // diplomail_translations reads.
 func translationColumns() postgres.ColumnList {
@@ -532,7 +690,8 @@ func (s *Store) UnreadCountsForUser(ctx context.Context, userID uuid.UUID) ([]Un
 		WHERE(
 			r.UserID.EQ(postgres.UUID(userID)).
 				AND(r.ReadAt.IS_NULL()).
-				AND(r.DeletedAt.IS_NULL()),
+				AND(r.DeletedAt.IS_NULL()).
+				AND(r.AvailableAt.IS_NOT_NULL()),
 		).
 		GROUP_BY(r.GameID).
 		ORDER_BY(postgres.MAX(m.GameName).ASC())
@@ -584,15 +743,19 @@ func messageFromModel(row model.DiplomailMessages) Message {
 // recipientFromModel converts a jet-generated row to the domain type.
 func recipientFromModel(row model.DiplomailRecipients) Recipient {
 	out := Recipient{
-		RecipientID:       row.RecipientID,
+		RecipientID:                row.RecipientID,
-		MessageID:         row.MessageID,
+		MessageID:                  row.MessageID,
-		GameID:            row.GameID,
+		GameID:                     row.GameID,
-		UserID:            row.UserID,
+		UserID:                     row.UserID,
-		RecipientUserName: row.RecipientUserName,
+		RecipientUserName:          row.RecipientUserName,
-		DeliveredAt:       row.DeliveredAt,
+		RecipientPreferredLanguage: row.RecipientPreferredLanguage,
-		ReadAt:            row.ReadAt,
+		AvailableAt:                row.AvailableAt,
-		DeletedAt:         row.DeletedAt,
+		TranslationAttempts:        row.TranslationAttempts,
-		NotifiedAt:        row.NotifiedAt,
+		NextTranslationAttemptAt:   row.NextTranslationAttemptAt,
+		DeliveredAt:                row.DeliveredAt,
+		ReadAt:                     row.ReadAt,
+		DeletedAt:                  row.DeletedAt,
+		NotifiedAt:                 row.NotifiedAt,
 	}
 	if row.RecipientRaceName != nil {
 		name := *row.RecipientRaceName
@@ -629,3 +792,12 @@ func stringPtrArg(v *string) postgres.Expression {
 	}
 	return postgres.String(*v)
 }
+
+// timePtrArg returns the jet argument expression for a nullable
+// timestamptz column.
+func timePtrArg(v *time.Time) postgres.Expression {
+	if v == nil {
+		return postgres.NULL
+	}
+	return postgres.TimestampzT(v.UTC())
+}

backend/internal/diplomail/translator/libretranslate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+package translator
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// LibreTranslateEngine is the engine identifier persisted in
+// `diplomail_translations.translator` for cache rows produced by the
+// LibreTranslate client.
+const LibreTranslateEngine = "libretranslate"
+
+// LibreTranslateConfig configures the HTTP client. URL is the base
+// of the deployed instance (without `/translate`). Timeout bounds a
+// single HTTP request; the worker layers retry / backoff on top.
+type LibreTranslateConfig struct {
+	URL     string
+	Timeout time.Duration
+}
+
+// ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair classifies a LibreTranslate 400 response
+// that indicates the engine cannot translate between the requested
+// source / target codes. The worker treats this as terminal: no
+// further retries, deliver the original.
+var ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair = errors.New("translator: language pair not supported by libretranslate")
+
+// NewLibreTranslate constructs a Translator that posts to
+// `<URL>/translate`. Returns an error when URL is empty so wiring
+// catches "translator misconfigured" at startup rather than at
+// first-translation-attempt.
+func NewLibreTranslate(cfg LibreTranslateConfig) (Translator, error) {
+	url := strings.TrimRight(strings.TrimSpace(cfg.URL), "/")
+	if url == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("translator: libretranslate URL must be set")
+	}
+	timeout := cfg.Timeout
+	if timeout <= 0 {
+		timeout = 10 * time.Second
+	}
+	return &libreTranslate{
+		endpoint: url + "/translate",
+		client:   &http.Client{Timeout: timeout},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type libreTranslate struct {
+	endpoint string
+	client   *http.Client
+}
+
+// requestBody is the LibreTranslate POST /translate input shape.
+// `q` is sent as a two-element array so the engine returns one
+// translation per element in the same call (subject + body).
+type requestBody struct {
+	Q      []string `json:"q"`
+	Source string   `json:"source"`
+	Target string   `json:"target"`
+	Format string   `json:"format"`
+}
+
+// responseBody is the LibreTranslate output shape when `q` is an
+// array. The single-string-q variant is a different shape; we never
+// emit a single-q request so the client always sees the array form.
+type responseBody struct {
+	TranslatedText []string `json:"translatedText"`
+	Error          string   `json:"error,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Translate posts subject + body to LibreTranslate, normalising the
+// language codes and classifying the response. The 400 / unsupported-
+// pair path is signalled by `ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair`. All other
+// HTTP errors (timeout, 5xx, network failure) come back as wrapped
+// errors so the worker can backoff and retry.
+func (l *libreTranslate) Translate(ctx context.Context, srcLang, dstLang, subject, body string) (Result, error) {
+	src := normaliseLanguageCode(srcLang)
+	dst := normaliseLanguageCode(dstLang)
+	if src == "" || dst == "" {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: missing source or target language (src=%q dst=%q)", srcLang, dstLang)
+	}
+	if src == dst {
+		return Result{Subject: subject, Body: body, Engine: NoopEngine}, nil
+	}
+
+	reqBody, err := json.Marshal(requestBody{
+		Q:      []string{subject, body},
+		Source: src,
+		Target: dst,
+		Format: "text",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: marshal request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, l.endpoint, bytes.NewReader(reqBody))
+	if err != nil {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: build request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := l.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: do request: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	raw, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 1<<20))
+	if err != nil {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: read response: %w", err)
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusBadRequest {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair, strings.TrimSpace(string(raw)))
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: libretranslate http %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, strings.TrimSpace(string(raw)))
+	}
+
+	var out responseBody
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &out); err != nil {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: unmarshal response: %w", err)
+	}
+	if out.Error != "" {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: libretranslate error: %s", out.Error)
+	}
+	if len(out.TranslatedText) != 2 {
+		return Result{}, fmt.Errorf("translator: libretranslate returned %d strings, want 2", len(out.TranslatedText))
+	}
+	return Result{
+		Subject: out.TranslatedText[0],
+		Body:    out.TranslatedText[1],
+		Engine:  LibreTranslateEngine,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// normaliseLanguageCode collapses a BCP 47 tag to the ISO 639-1 base
+// that LibreTranslate expects (`en-US` → `en`, `EN` → `en`). The
+// helper is mirrored on the diplomail service side; both sides need
+// to use the same normalisation so cache keys line up.
+func normaliseLanguageCode(tag string) string {
+	tag = strings.TrimSpace(tag)
+	if tag == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if i := strings.IndexAny(tag, "-_"); i > 0 {
+		tag = tag[:i]
+	}
+	return strings.ToLower(tag)
+}

backend/internal/diplomail/translator/libretranslate_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+package translator
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestLibreTranslateHappyPath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	var (
+		requestSource string
+		requestTarget string
+		requestQ      []string
+		requestFormat string
+	)
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		var in requestBody
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &in); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+		}
+		requestSource = in.Source
+		requestTarget = in.Target
+		requestQ = in.Q
+		requestFormat = in.Format
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(responseBody{
+			TranslatedText: []string{"[ru] " + in.Q[0], "[ru] " + in.Q[1]},
+		})
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(server.Close)
+
+	tr, err := NewLibreTranslate(LibreTranslateConfig{URL: server.URL, Timeout: 2 * time.Second})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("new: %v", err)
+	}
+	res, err := tr.Translate(context.Background(), "en", "ru", "Hello", "World")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("translate: %v", err)
+	}
+	if res.Engine != LibreTranslateEngine {
+		t.Fatalf("engine = %q, want %q", res.Engine, LibreTranslateEngine)
+	}
+	if res.Subject != "[ru] Hello" || res.Body != "[ru] World" {
+		t.Fatalf("result = %+v", res)
+	}
+	if requestSource != "en" || requestTarget != "ru" || requestFormat != "text" {
+		t.Fatalf("request fields: src=%q dst=%q fmt=%q", requestSource, requestTarget, requestFormat)
+	}
+	if len(requestQ) != 2 || requestQ[0] != "Hello" || requestQ[1] != "World" {
+		t.Fatalf("request q = %v", requestQ)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLibreTranslateNormalisesLanguageCodes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	var src, dst string
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		var in requestBody
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(body, &in)
+		src, dst = in.Source, in.Target
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(responseBody{TranslatedText: []string{"a", "b"}})
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(server.Close)
+
+	tr, _ := NewLibreTranslate(LibreTranslateConfig{URL: server.URL})
+	if _, err := tr.Translate(context.Background(), "EN-US", "ru-RU", "x", "y"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("translate: %v", err)
+	}
+	if src != "en" || dst != "ru" {
+		t.Fatalf("normalised codes src=%q dst=%q, want en/ru", src, dst)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLibreTranslateUnsupportedPair(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"error":"language not supported"}`))
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(server.Close)
+
+	tr, _ := NewLibreTranslate(LibreTranslateConfig{URL: server.URL})
+	_, err := tr.Translate(context.Background(), "en", "xx", "subject", "body")
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair) {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLibreTranslateServerError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("kaboom"))
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(server.Close)
+
+	tr, _ := NewLibreTranslate(LibreTranslateConfig{URL: server.URL})
+	_, err := tr.Translate(context.Background(), "en", "ru", "subject", "body")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair) {
+		t.Fatalf("err mis-classified as unsupported pair: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "500") {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want mention of 500", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLibreTranslateSameSourceAndTargetIsNoop(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		t.Errorf("translator should not call the server for identical src/dst: %s", r.URL.Path)
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(server.Close)
+
+	tr, _ := NewLibreTranslate(LibreTranslateConfig{URL: server.URL})
+	res, err := tr.Translate(context.Background(), "en", "EN", "x", "y")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("translate: %v", err)
+	}
+	if res.Engine != NoopEngine {
+		t.Fatalf("engine = %q, want %q", res.Engine, NoopEngine)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLibreTranslateRequiresURL(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, err := NewLibreTranslate(LibreTranslateConfig{URL: ""})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error for empty URL")
+	}
+}

backend/internal/diplomail/types.go

@@ -33,20 +33,36 @@ type Message struct {
 
 // Recipient mirrors a row in `backend.diplomail_recipients`. The
 // per-recipient state (read/deleted/delivered/notified) lives here.
-// RecipientUserName and RecipientRaceName are snapshots taken at
+// RecipientUserName, RecipientRaceName, and
-// insert time so the inbox listing and admin search render correctly
+// RecipientPreferredLanguage are snapshots taken at insert time so
-// even after the source rows are renamed or revoked.
+// the inbox listing, admin search, and translation worker render
+// correctly even after the source rows are renamed or revoked.
+//
+// AvailableAt encodes the async-translation contract introduced in
+// Stage E:
+//
+//   - non-nil → message is visible to the recipient (in inbox /
+//     unread counts / push events) starting from this timestamp;
+//   - nil → recipient is waiting for the translation worker to fan
+//     out the translated rendering. The translation_attempts counter
+//     tracks the number of failed LibreTranslate calls; the worker
+//     gives up after `MaxTranslationAttempts` and falls back to the
+//     original body, flipping AvailableAt to now().
 type Recipient struct {
-	RecipientID       uuid.UUID
+	RecipientID                uuid.UUID
-	MessageID         uuid.UUID
+	MessageID                  uuid.UUID
-	GameID            uuid.UUID
+	GameID                     uuid.UUID
-	UserID            uuid.UUID
+	UserID                     uuid.UUID
-	RecipientUserName string
+	RecipientUserName          string
-	RecipientRaceName *string
+	RecipientRaceName          *string
-	DeliveredAt       *time.Time
+	RecipientPreferredLanguage string
-	ReadAt            *time.Time
+	AvailableAt                *time.Time
-	DeletedAt         *time.Time
+	TranslationAttempts        int32
-	NotifiedAt        *time.Time
+	NextTranslationAttemptAt   *time.Time
+	DeliveredAt                *time.Time
+	ReadAt                     *time.Time
+	DeletedAt                  *time.Time
+	NotifiedAt                 *time.Time
 }
 
 // InboxEntry is the read-side projection composed of a Message and the

backend/internal/diplomail/worker.go

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+package diplomail
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+
+	"galaxy/backend/internal/diplomail/translator"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+// translationBackoff returns the sleep applied before retry attempt
+// `attempt`. attempt is 1-indexed (the value the row carries AFTER
+// the failure is recorded). The schedule mirrors the spec —
+// 1s → 2s → 4s → 8s → 16s — so 5 failed attempts span ~31 seconds
+// before the worker falls back to delivering the original.
+func translationBackoff(attempt int32) time.Duration {
+	if attempt <= 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	out := time.Second
+	for i := int32(1); i < attempt; i++ {
+		out *= 2
+	}
+	const cap = 60 * time.Second
+	if out > cap {
+		return cap
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// Worker drives the async translation pipeline. Each tick picks a
+// single (message_id, target_lang) pair from
+// `diplomail_recipients` where `available_at IS NULL`, asks the
+// configured Translator to render the body, and either delivers the
+// pending recipients (success) or schedules a retry (transient
+// failure) or delivers them with a fallback to the original body
+// (terminal failure / max attempts).
+//
+// The worker is single-threaded by design: one HTTP call to
+// LibreTranslate at a time. This protects the upstream from spikes
+// and keeps the implementation reviewable.
+//
+// Implements `internal/app.Component` so it plugs into the same
+// lifecycle as the mail and notification workers.
+type Worker struct {
+	svc *Service
+}
+
+// NewWorker constructs a Worker bound to svc. Returning a non-nil
+// Worker even when the translator is the noop fallback is
+// intentional — the pickup query still works and falls through to
+// fallback delivery, which is the desired behaviour for setups
+// without LibreTranslate.
+func NewWorker(svc *Service) *Worker { return &Worker{svc: svc} }
+
+// Run drives the worker loop until ctx is cancelled.
+func (w *Worker) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if w == nil || w.svc == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	logger := w.svc.deps.Logger.Named("worker")
+	interval := w.svc.deps.Config.WorkerInterval
+	if interval <= 0 {
+		interval = 2 * time.Second
+	}
+	if err := w.tick(ctx); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		logger.Warn("diplomail worker initial tick failed", zap.Error(err))
+	}
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(interval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			if err := w.tick(ctx); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+				logger.Warn("diplomail worker tick failed", zap.Error(err))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Shutdown is a no-op: every translation outcome is committed inside
+// tick before returning, so cancelling the parent ctx is enough.
+func (w *Worker) Shutdown(_ context.Context) error { return nil }
+
+// Tick exposes the per-tick work for tests so they can drive the
+// worker without depending on the ticker.
+func (w *Worker) Tick(ctx context.Context) error { return w.tick(ctx) }
+
+// tick picks one pair from the queue and applies the result. The
+// per-tick budget is one pair on purpose: the worker is single
+// threaded and we do not want a fast LibreTranslate instance to
+// starve the rest of the backend's I/O behind a long-running batch.
+func (w *Worker) tick(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if ctx.Err() != nil {
+		return ctx.Err()
+	}
+	pair, ok, err := w.svc.deps.Store.PickPendingTranslationPair(ctx, w.svc.nowUTC())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return w.processPair(ctx, pair)
+}
+
+// processPair runs the full pipeline for one (message, target_lang).
+// Steps:
+//
+//  1. Load the source message.
+//  2. Check the translation cache. If a row already exists (another
+//     worker pre-populated it, or two pairs converged on the same
+//     target), reuse it and deliver.
+//  3. Otherwise call the configured Translator.
+//  4. Apply the outcome: success → cache + deliver; unsupported
+//     pair → deliver fallback (no cache row); other failure →
+//     schedule retry or deliver fallback after MaxAttempts.
+//  5. Fan out push events for every recipient whose `available_at`
+//     just transitioned.
+func (w *Worker) processPair(ctx context.Context, pair PendingTranslationPair) error {
+	logger := w.svc.deps.Logger.Named("worker").With(
+		zap.String("message_id", pair.MessageID.String()),
+		zap.String("target_lang", pair.TargetLang),
+	)
+	msg, err := w.svc.deps.Store.LoadMessage(ctx, pair.MessageID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if cached, err := w.svc.deps.Store.LoadTranslation(ctx, pair.MessageID, pair.TargetLang); err == nil {
+		t := cached
+		return w.deliverPair(ctx, msg, pair.TargetLang, &t, logger)
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	result, callErr := w.svc.deps.Translator.Translate(ctx, msg.BodyLang, pair.TargetLang, msg.Subject, msg.Body)
+	if callErr == nil && result.Engine != "" && result.Engine != translator.NoopEngine {
+		tr := Translation{
+			TranslationID:     uuid.New(),
+			MessageID:         msg.MessageID,
+			TargetLang:        pair.TargetLang,
+			TranslatedSubject: result.Subject,
+			TranslatedBody:    result.Body,
+			Translator:        result.Engine,
+		}
+		return w.deliverPair(ctx, msg, pair.TargetLang, &tr, logger)
+	}
+	if callErr == nil {
+		// Noop translator (or engine returned empty). Treat as
+		// "translation unavailable" — deliver fallback so users
+		// see the original.
+		logger.Debug("translator returned noop, delivering fallback")
+		return w.deliverPair(ctx, msg, pair.TargetLang, nil, logger)
+	}
+	if errors.Is(callErr, translator.ErrUnsupportedLanguagePair) {
+		logger.Info("language pair unsupported, delivering fallback", zap.Error(callErr))
+		return w.deliverPair(ctx, msg, pair.TargetLang, nil, logger)
+	}
+
+	// Transient failure — bump the attempts counter and schedule a
+	// retry. The next attempt timestamp is computed from the
+	// post-increment counter so the spec's 1s→2s→4s→8s→16s schedule
+	// applies between retries of the same pair.
+	maxAttempts := w.svc.deps.Config.TranslatorMaxAttempts
+	if maxAttempts <= 0 {
+		maxAttempts = 5
+	}
+	nextAttempt := pair.CurrentAttempts + 1
+	if int(nextAttempt) >= maxAttempts {
+		logger.Warn("translator max attempts reached, delivering fallback",
+			zap.Int32("attempts", nextAttempt), zap.Error(callErr))
+		return w.deliverPair(ctx, msg, pair.TargetLang, nil, logger)
+	}
+	next := w.svc.nowUTC().Add(translationBackoff(nextAttempt + 1))
+	if _, err := w.svc.deps.Store.SchedulePairRetry(ctx, pair.MessageID, pair.TargetLang, next); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	logger.Info("translator attempt failed, scheduled retry",
+		zap.Int32("attempts", nextAttempt),
+		zap.Time("next_attempt_at", next),
+		zap.Error(callErr))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// deliverPair flips every still-pending recipient of (messageID,
+// targetLang) to delivered, optionally inserting the translation row
+// in the same transaction, and emits push events to the recipients
+// who were just unblocked.
+func (w *Worker) deliverPair(ctx context.Context, msg Message, targetLang string, translation *Translation, logger *zap.Logger) error {
+	recipients, err := w.svc.deps.Store.MarkPairDelivered(ctx, msg.MessageID, targetLang, translation, w.svc.nowUTC())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(recipients) == 0 {
+		logger.Debug("deliver yielded no recipients (already delivered)")
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, r := range recipients {
+		w.svc.publishMessageReceived(ctx, msg, r)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+

backend/internal/postgres/jet/backend/model/diplomail_recipients.go

@@ -13,14 +13,18 @@ import (
 )
 
 type DiplomailRecipients struct {
-	RecipientID       uuid.UUID `sql:"primary_key"`
+	RecipientID                uuid.UUID `sql:"primary_key"`
-	MessageID         uuid.UUID
+	MessageID                  uuid.UUID
-	GameID            uuid.UUID
+	GameID                     uuid.UUID
-	UserID            uuid.UUID
+	UserID                     uuid.UUID
-	RecipientUserName string
+	RecipientUserName          string
-	RecipientRaceName *string
+	RecipientRaceName          *string
-	DeliveredAt       *time.Time
+	RecipientPreferredLanguage string
-	ReadAt            *time.Time
+	AvailableAt                *time.Time
-	DeletedAt         *time.Time
+	TranslationAttempts        int32
-	NotifiedAt        *time.Time
+	NextTranslationAttemptAt   *time.Time
+	DeliveredAt                *time.Time
+	ReadAt                     *time.Time
+	DeletedAt                  *time.Time
+	NotifiedAt                 *time.Time
 }

backend/internal/postgres/jet/backend/table/diplomail_recipients.go

@@ -17,16 +17,20 @@ type diplomailRecipientsTable struct {
 	postgres.Table
 
 	// Columns
-	RecipientID       postgres.ColumnString
+	RecipientID                postgres.ColumnString
-	MessageID         postgres.ColumnString
+	MessageID                  postgres.ColumnString
-	GameID            postgres.ColumnString
+	GameID                     postgres.ColumnString
-	UserID            postgres.ColumnString
+	UserID                     postgres.ColumnString
-	RecipientUserName postgres.ColumnString
+	RecipientUserName          postgres.ColumnString
-	RecipientRaceName postgres.ColumnString
+	RecipientRaceName          postgres.ColumnString
-	DeliveredAt       postgres.ColumnTimestampz
+	RecipientPreferredLanguage postgres.ColumnString
-	ReadAt            postgres.ColumnTimestampz
+	AvailableAt                postgres.ColumnTimestampz
-	DeletedAt         postgres.ColumnTimestampz
+	TranslationAttempts        postgres.ColumnInteger
-	NotifiedAt        postgres.ColumnTimestampz
+	NextTranslationAttemptAt   postgres.ColumnTimestampz
+	DeliveredAt                postgres.ColumnTimestampz
+	ReadAt                     postgres.ColumnTimestampz
+	DeletedAt                  postgres.ColumnTimestampz
+	NotifiedAt                 postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
@@ -68,35 +72,43 @@ func newDiplomailRecipientsTable(schemaName, tableName, alias string) *Diplomail
 
 func newDiplomailRecipientsTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) diplomailRecipientsTable {
 	var (
-		RecipientIDColumn       = postgres.StringColumn("recipient_id")
+		RecipientIDColumn                = postgres.StringColumn("recipient_id")
-		MessageIDColumn         = postgres.StringColumn("message_id")
+		MessageIDColumn                  = postgres.StringColumn("message_id")
-		GameIDColumn            = postgres.StringColumn("game_id")
+		GameIDColumn                     = postgres.StringColumn("game_id")
-		UserIDColumn            = postgres.StringColumn("user_id")
+		UserIDColumn                     = postgres.StringColumn("user_id")
-		RecipientUserNameColumn = postgres.StringColumn("recipient_user_name")
+		RecipientUserNameColumn          = postgres.StringColumn("recipient_user_name")
-		RecipientRaceNameColumn = postgres.StringColumn("recipient_race_name")
+		RecipientRaceNameColumn          = postgres.StringColumn("recipient_race_name")
-		DeliveredAtColumn       = postgres.TimestampzColumn("delivered_at")
+		RecipientPreferredLanguageColumn = postgres.StringColumn("recipient_preferred_language")
-		ReadAtColumn            = postgres.TimestampzColumn("read_at")
+		AvailableAtColumn                = postgres.TimestampzColumn("available_at")
-		DeletedAtColumn         = postgres.TimestampzColumn("deleted_at")
+		TranslationAttemptsColumn        = postgres.IntegerColumn("translation_attempts")
-		NotifiedAtColumn        = postgres.TimestampzColumn("notified_at")
+		NextTranslationAttemptAtColumn   = postgres.TimestampzColumn("next_translation_attempt_at")
-		allColumns              = postgres.ColumnList{RecipientIDColumn, MessageIDColumn, GameIDColumn, UserIDColumn, RecipientUserNameColumn, RecipientRaceNameColumn, DeliveredAtColumn, ReadAtColumn, DeletedAtColumn, NotifiedAtColumn}
+		DeliveredAtColumn                = postgres.TimestampzColumn("delivered_at")
-		mutableColumns          = postgres.ColumnList{MessageIDColumn, GameIDColumn, UserIDColumn, RecipientUserNameColumn, RecipientRaceNameColumn, DeliveredAtColumn, ReadAtColumn, DeletedAtColumn, NotifiedAtColumn}
+		ReadAtColumn                     = postgres.TimestampzColumn("read_at")
-		defaultColumns          = postgres.ColumnList{}
+		DeletedAtColumn                  = postgres.TimestampzColumn("deleted_at")
+		NotifiedAtColumn                 = postgres.TimestampzColumn("notified_at")
+		allColumns                       = postgres.ColumnList{RecipientIDColumn, MessageIDColumn, GameIDColumn, UserIDColumn, RecipientUserNameColumn, RecipientRaceNameColumn, RecipientPreferredLanguageColumn, AvailableAtColumn, TranslationAttemptsColumn, NextTranslationAttemptAtColumn, DeliveredAtColumn, ReadAtColumn, DeletedAtColumn, NotifiedAtColumn}
+		mutableColumns                   = postgres.ColumnList{MessageIDColumn, GameIDColumn, UserIDColumn, RecipientUserNameColumn, RecipientRaceNameColumn, RecipientPreferredLanguageColumn, AvailableAtColumn, TranslationAttemptsColumn, NextTranslationAttemptAtColumn, DeliveredAtColumn, ReadAtColumn, DeletedAtColumn, NotifiedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns                   = postgres.ColumnList{RecipientPreferredLanguageColumn, TranslationAttemptsColumn}
 	)
 
 	return diplomailRecipientsTable{
 		Table: postgres.NewTable(schemaName, tableName, alias, allColumns...),
 
 		//Columns
-		RecipientID:       RecipientIDColumn,
+		RecipientID:                RecipientIDColumn,
-		MessageID:         MessageIDColumn,
+		MessageID:                  MessageIDColumn,
-		GameID:            GameIDColumn,
+		GameID:                     GameIDColumn,
-		UserID:            UserIDColumn,
+		UserID:                     UserIDColumn,
-		RecipientUserName: RecipientUserNameColumn,
+		RecipientUserName:          RecipientUserNameColumn,
-		RecipientRaceName: RecipientRaceNameColumn,
+		RecipientRaceName:          RecipientRaceNameColumn,
-		DeliveredAt:       DeliveredAtColumn,
+		RecipientPreferredLanguage: RecipientPreferredLanguageColumn,
-		ReadAt:            ReadAtColumn,
+		AvailableAt:                AvailableAtColumn,
-		DeletedAt:         DeletedAtColumn,
+		TranslationAttempts:        TranslationAttemptsColumn,
-		NotifiedAt:        NotifiedAtColumn,
+		NextTranslationAttemptAt:   NextTranslationAttemptAtColumn,
+		DeliveredAt:                DeliveredAtColumn,
+		ReadAt:                     ReadAtColumn,
+		DeletedAt:                  DeletedAtColumn,
+		NotifiedAt:                 NotifiedAtColumn,
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,

backend/internal/postgres/migrations/00001_init.sql

@@ -722,16 +722,20 @@ CREATE INDEX diplomail_messages_sender_user_idx
 -- rare admin notifications addressed to a player who no longer has an
 -- active membership in the game.
 CREATE TABLE diplomail_recipients (
-    recipient_id          uuid        PRIMARY KEY,
+    recipient_id                  uuid        PRIMARY KEY,
-    message_id            uuid        NOT NULL REFERENCES diplomail_messages (message_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    message_id                    uuid        NOT NULL REFERENCES diplomail_messages (message_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-    game_id               uuid        NOT NULL,
+    game_id                       uuid        NOT NULL,
-    user_id               uuid        NOT NULL,
+    user_id                       uuid        NOT NULL,
-    recipient_user_name   text        NOT NULL,
+    recipient_user_name           text        NOT NULL,
-    recipient_race_name   text,
+    recipient_race_name           text,
-    delivered_at          timestamptz,
+    recipient_preferred_language  text        NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
-    read_at               timestamptz,
+    available_at                  timestamptz,
-    deleted_at            timestamptz,
+    translation_attempts          integer     NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    notified_at           timestamptz,
+    next_translation_attempt_at   timestamptz,
+    delivered_at                  timestamptz,
+    read_at                       timestamptz,
+    deleted_at                    timestamptz,
+    notified_at                   timestamptz,
     CONSTRAINT diplomail_recipients_unique UNIQUE (message_id, user_id)
 );
 
@@ -740,7 +744,17 @@ CREATE INDEX diplomail_recipients_inbox_idx
 
 CREATE INDEX diplomail_recipients_unread_idx
     ON diplomail_recipients (user_id, game_id)
-    WHERE read_at IS NULL AND deleted_at IS NULL;
+    WHERE read_at IS NULL AND deleted_at IS NULL AND available_at IS NOT NULL;
+
+-- Index drives the translation worker's pending-pair pickup. The
+-- partial filter keeps the scan tight: terminal-state recipients
+-- (with a non-NULL available_at) never appear in this btree. The
+-- composite ordering puts the next-attempt clock first so the
+-- backoff filter (`next_translation_attempt_at <= now()`) seeks
+-- before the secondary cluster on (message_id, lang).
+CREATE INDEX diplomail_recipients_pending_translation_idx
+    ON diplomail_recipients (next_translation_attempt_at, message_id, recipient_preferred_language)
+    WHERE available_at IS NULL;
 
 -- diplomail_translations caches one rendered translation per
 -- (message, target_lang) so a broadcast addressed to many recipients